Abortion And Women Essays - Human Pregnancy, Midwifery, Abortion

Abortion And Women During the past century, abortion has joined race and war as one of the most debatable subjects of controversy in the United States. The issue of abortion causes discussions about human interactions where ethics, emotions and law come together. There are many reasons why women decide to have abortions. Some women have abortions because of health complications, some have marital problems, and some lack responsibility. Whatever the reasons a woman decides to have an abortion, it seems only justified that she should be able to make decisions in regards to her life and body. The decisions that she makes in regards to what she does with her body and the fetus will be beneficial to both the woman and the fetus because it will prevent many problems from occurring in the future. If a woman were to have an unwanted baby, she may neglect or even abuse the child causing the child to go into the care of the government. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is unfair to the innocent child and the woman. The government has no valid reason in bringing an unwanted life into the world. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is not helpful to the parents, the child and the government, because if the parents cannot take care of the child, eventually, the government will be responsible for the child. The right to have an abortion is personal and essential to a woman's life, because having a baby in one's life causes dramatic changes. Pregnancy and childbirth can prevent women from keeping and getting jobs. When women are pregnant many employers do not want to hire them because when the woman has a baby, the company or employer must still pay her for the time that she is out of work by law. Also, raising a baby and providing for all the needs that a child has is a lot of money, which can create an insufficient income for many women. Another factor that imposes on women when they have children is the amount of time they have for themselves and others beyond the baby. Women feel that it prevents them from providing services for others and time for themselves. Sometimes after a pregnancy and childbirth, many women have to give up their dreams on starting in school or end up dropping out because they do not have the time for it. They have to give up on something that will significantly influence her family and her future. Pregnancy has a great impact on the woman's future and her future relationship with her family. In many cases of unwanted pregnancies, the women are not married. These women inmost cases cannot go home and announce that they are pregnant and be proud of it. Their pregnancy would be am embarrassment and disgrace to the family. Some families would suggest to the pregnant woman about disowning her, throwing her out of the house, and cutting off family communications and wealth. Many of these women cannot deal with loosing their family and the new lifestyle that they have to face. So in order to prevent losing their family and leading a tough life, they look into the option of abortion. Women should have the choice of deciding what would be best for their future, whether or not they are ready to change their lifestyle and decide the relationship between themselves and their family. A woman is equal to a man. But during a pregnancy, when the woman does not have the choice to abort the fetus growing inside of her, she is not his equal. A man can simply withdraw from a relationship as soon as he finds out about a pregnancy. He has the choice of staying and supporting the pregnant woman, or the choice of leaving her and the development of a new life. He can simply say a sentence or pick up his bags and leave while a whole new life is growing inside of her, a life that she cannot get rid of unless she has professional help. Without the choice of abortion, a woman does not have the same choices that a man would have. With the right to have an abortion, women like men have the right to fully use the powers of their minds and bodies just like a man. A woman's body is hers and hers alone. No one has the right to make her do something that she does not want to do. The Supreme Court has stated that

German Beer Essay Essays

German Beer Essay Essays German Beer Essay Essay German Beer Essay Essay 1. 0 Introduction Beer is an vastly popular drink. but it is one that is associated with a peculiar state. German beer in fact is seen as the male monarch of all beers. Around the universe. Germany’s beer is one of the most well-thought-of assortments. in portion due to the rigorous statute law that governs brewing. but besides because it seems that the German people take great strivings to brew a good beer. It is customary and portion of their societal construction. The bulk of people in Germany socialise in saloon. unlike the United States where bars and non as popular. Although people go out to bars. the societal construction in the U. S. is non contributing to alcohol. peculiarly in today’s society where imbibing is shunned to an extent. That is non the instance in Germany. German beer gustatory sensations good. but a pupil composing on this topic has to understand that beer is non merely a drink. but a portion of German civilization. People frequent saloon in Germany and while that happens across the universe. it seems that in Germany. the local saloon is really important to the civilization of the people. While Germany non merely services beer–it makes it–the figure of breweries is non so fecund anymore. When compared with the United States today. there are less German breweries. In fact. the sum of U. S. breweries had exceeded that of Germany. even though Germany is the state with the stronger brewing tradition ( Carroll. Swaminathan A ; Anand. 2000 ) . Still. Germany boasts the highest per capita ingestion of beer ( 2000 ) . In 1997. Germany claimed 1. 234 ( 2000. p. 714 ) breweries. By 1999. the figure of American breweries had increased to 1. 414 ( 2000. p. 714 ) . While that is the instance. Germany continues to brew its beer under German jurisprudence and with a tradition that is consistent with its heritage. : 2. 0 A Short History of German Beer Beer has been a portion of the diet for centuries at all degrees of society ( â€Å"German Beer. † 2002 ) . In other words. beer transcends societal boundaries and categories. In Germany. beer is regulated by governments and it is an of import beginning of revenue enhancement gross ( 2002 ) . Beer was foremost regulated in Augsburg but when bars would function bad beer. or dishonest sums. and would be fined ( 2002 ) . Again. beer has been around for centuries. but the oldest grounds available that demonstrates beer was brewed in Germany is about 800BC ( 2002 ) . 3. 0 How German Beer is Made. 3. 1 Brewing beer and the jurisprudence The most celebrated brewing jurisprudence is called the Reinheitsgebot and besides. the â€Å"Purity Law† is the oldest nutrient ordinance ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the jurisprudence. beer should merely be brewed from H2O. hops and barley ( 2002 ) . Today. barm is used every bit good and in fact viewed as a critical ingredient ( 2002 ) . When the jurisprudence was written. the effects of barm were merely unknown ( 2002 ) . When barm was foremost used. beer makers would merely utilize the barm that was found in the air ( 2002 ) . The Reinheitsgebot still affects brewing in Germany today ( 2002 ) . A pupil composing on this topic will desire to compare German beer to American beer in order to foreground the importance of the regulations in Germany. It is basically what makes German beer so good. In add-on to the ordinary ingredients. Miller beer contains maize and Anheuser-Busch’s assortments include rice ( â€Å"Brew-ha-ha. † 1997 ) . The beers are viewed by German beer makers as replacements for native brews ( 1997 ) . A pupil composing on this topic will desire to indicate out that German beer is by and large seen as a superior brew. 3. 2 Who participates in the brewing of beer? During the earliest centuries. brewing was considered to be women’s work and it was non until the first millenary that others took up the undertaking ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . Monks were peculiarly interested in making so. something that likely lead to the myth that Brabant King Gambrinus really invented beer ( 2002 ) . The monastics did non brew the beer for their ain benefit. but alternatively sold the beer as they were given the right to market it ( 2002 ) . Brewing beer grew to be a respectable profession ( 2002 ) . A pupil composing on this topic might desire to observe that while it was a profession at the clip. today’s beers are by and large made by big companies. It has been proven that the production of good quality beer demanded certain temperatures. but temperatures at the clip prior to infrigidation were merely available during the winter ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . The innovation of infrigidation made it possible and did let for beer to be brewed twelvemonth unit of ammunition ( 2002 ) . Another of import development was the find of micro-organisms and after that. the scientific discipline of the agitation procedure had eventually been established ( 2002 ) . 4. 0 Location: Where the Beer is Made With the addition in exports. Germany developed universe celebrated beer metropoliss by the clip the 1300s rolled about ; Bremen had been the center for beer exports to England. Holland and Scandinavia ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . Hamburg had been the brewery of the Hanse but By 1500 there had been approximately 600 breweries at that place entirely ( 2002 ) . The Hanse exported beer and some clients were as far off as India ( 2002 ) . Braunschweig and Einbeck is aligned with bock beer and they are besides considered of import beer metropoliss ( 2002 ) . Munich is an of import metropolis for beer and the venue where Spaten beer is made. Of class. German beer is found in Germany. but due to its repute. it is a major export. Other states. such as the United States. have embraced German beer as a good quality beer and function it with pride. In fact. Reno Air had begun to offer Gordon Biersche Marzen laager. which is a premium German-style beer. on its flights ( â€Å"Have a. † 1998 ) . The new beer is served to supply a higher degree of in-flight merchandise and the air hose has used the German beer to separate itself as a low-fare air hose with quality merchandises ( 1998 ) . Although most German beers are made in Germany. German brewing workss have been brought to the United States. The Acadian Brewing Company creates a light colored traditional German beer that is called Acadian Helles Bock and is made in New Orleans ( Slaton. 1997 ) . Acadian expanded in 1996 and began to bottle its Pilsner and Vienna amber beers ( 1997 ) . 5. 0 Types of Beer 5. 1 German Beers Spaten beers have been brewed for 600 old ages. and used a procedure that made the beer good and world-famous ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . Spaten beer had been made in Munich and it is thought by many that the beer is the best because no other beer is purer or more natural in gustatory sensation ( 2002 ) . It seems that Fa? bier draught beer is Germany’s favourite drink as 73 % of respondents buy a draught beer before a bottled beer ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . The beer is by and large served cool and fresh. with a good caput of froth. and it should hold a pleasant gustatory sensation every bit good ( 2002 ) . While German beers are similar in that they are made in the same manner. a pupil composing on this topic will desire to indicate out that beers made in other parts of the universe have more leeway. The ground other venues should be named. and other beers discussed. is for comparing intents. In the planetary economic system. all types of beer should be evaluated in visible radiation of the popularity and quality of German beer. 5. 2 U. S. Beers U. S. beer brewing has risen and the endurance of specializer breweries corresponds to assume gap of merchandise infinite which is created by consolidation among big breweries ( Carroll. Swaminathan A ; Anand. 2000 ) . In regard to U. S. beer. person noted that there is small difference between the large beer makers as it is all generic ( 2000 ) . One beer maker called the generic type an ‘industrial beer’ something that has become a blight on the beer universe ( 2000 ) . Such brewing constitutions decided to brew paler. more tasteless beers. like high intoxicant ‘malt spiritss. ’ ‘dry beers’ and ‘ice beers ‘ ( 2000 ) . 6. 0 Demographics It seems that about everyone drinks beer. When closed away from the emphasis of day-to-day life. friends. co-workers and neighbours meet and speak about a host of things with a glass of beer ( â€Å"German beer. † 2002 ) . About 78 % ( 2002. p. PG ) of German citizens visit their local saloons and see it as their most enjoyable activity. Near to every other German has a â€Å"Lieblingslokal† or a favourite topographic point where the host might be a friend and where one feels comfortable ( 2002 ) . Some German saloons are decorated with pastoral or countrified ornaments ( 2002 ) . About 54 % ( 2002. p. PG ) of Germans feel content in an ordinary saloon. but 31 % ( 2002. p. PG ) are more comfy traveling to a eating house to imbibe. Other topographic points such as outdoor or cultural eating houses. coffeehouse or pastoral saloons have a good trade of people. 7. 0 Conclusion Beer is a basic around the universe. but has a particular association with Germany. Germany is known for its beer. It is a state where much beer is consumed and although the United States has increased its production of beer. the beer produced in the U. S. is unquestionably weaker and non every bit good. The ground is because beer in the United States uses fillers. Although the United States embraces beer as a societal drink and it is found at athleticss events and parties. it does non compare with the societal value it has in Europe. By and big. German beer is the best. Beer is portion of German civilization and it is seen as a basic to a people who have grown up with the really best beer. Mentions Brew-ha-ha. ( 1997. September 27 ) . Economist. 344 ( 8036 ) . 97-98. Carroll. G. R. A ; Swaminathan. A. ( 2000 ) . Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U. S†¦ . American Journal of Sociology. 106 ( 3 ) . 715-761. German Beer-History. 2002. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. oldworld. ws/okbeerhist. hypertext markup language Have a beer. ( 1998 ) . Air Transport World. 35 ( 5 ) . 88. Slaton. J. ( 1997 ) . German brew is the latest in Acadian’s turning line. New Orleans CityBusiness. 17 ( 34 ) . 6-7. Note: PG refers to folio of electronic beginnings.

People Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

People Resourcing - Essay Example Ensuring better employee relations is as important in public sector companies as for any other organisation. However, it is generally observed that most employees in the public sector organisations suffer from stress (Health and Safety Executive, 2002). Mersytravel is the operating name for Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive; which oversees the provision of public transport on Merseyside. It was initially observed that the employee morale was low and they used to get tensed. The company identified that as per Frederick Herzberg two factor hygiene and motivation theory, some factors like job security, salary, and status etc., that are the provided by public sector organisations do not motivate employees and don not contribute in ensuring employee well being. Instead, if these factors are not present, this may lead to employee dissatisfaction. In contrast, as per the theory, employees will feel motivated if they are provided growth and advancement opportunities, and are recognised for their achievements (Accel Team, 2006). In order to improve employees' morale and to enhance employees' knowledge, the company established a learning and development strategy in consultation with its employees in 2003. A scheme called Merseylearn was developed that focuses on providing learning and development opportunities for hard to reach learners such as shift workers. They can use this system 24 hours a day to develop their skill sets. This has also enabled the staff to undertake courses at home (Investors in People, 2006). A wide range of other learning and development programmes have also been developed that have helped staff to undertake language and literacy training within workplace. The company gained myriad of benefits from this approach. Employees' turn over rate has sharply declined; sickness days, which were quite high previously, dropped by an average 3 days between 2003 and 2006; staff promotions have increased by 10% as a result of training programmes; staff participation in work related participation schemes has also risen by 50% per cent (Investors in People, 2006). This steady increase in employees' productivity indicate that the training programmes add to the employee well being by improving employees' skills, knowledge and behavior towards

MGT Leadership and Ethics Unit 1 IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGT Leadership and Ethics Unit 1 IP - Essay Example It is vital to note that during their day to day responsibilities, leaders make changes that would enhance their performance as well as the productivity of other employees. Such changes are not always acceptable to the employees or other managers. In this regard, a good leader should be in a position to address the challenges that arise from the organizational changes. One of the major ways of enhancing the productivity of the work force and increasing the profitability is by creating a culture of team work. Despite, the efforts by the CEO of one of my client organization to improve the performance of his firm, he is faced by resistance from some managers and employees. This paper seeks to analyze the situation and recommend the CEO on the steps to take. One of the major strategies that the CEO should emulate in order to effectively deal with the situation is to hold in-house meetings with his employees and educate them on the importance of team work. It is vital to note that some of the employees are not resisting the formation of teams not because they do want the idea but because they do not understand their relevance. One of the advantages of team work is that it results to the improved working relationship that enables employees to assist each other when faced with challenges. Additionally, team allows individuals to exercise their leadership qualities an aspect that provides them with opportunities to be promoted to senior level of management. The CEO should also engage with the employees during the formation of the team in order for each of the employee to feel comfortable. According to Nahavandi (2006), communicating with the employees and the managers is one of the initial strategies that the leader should adopt. In any organization, leading and managing are different aspects. While leading entails organizing the team members in order to attain the objectives of an organization, managing implies directing and giving instructions that should be strictly followed by the members of the team. Leading process is all inclusive where employees are free to provide their ideas to the leaders and the leaders can consult their team on certain issues. On the other hand, managing process does not allow for close intermingling between the managers and his or her teams. In his efforts to create a team-based empowered organization, the CEO is trying to lead his change initiative. As an experienced leader, he has noticed that there is lack of participation in the organization an aspect that other managers cannot detect. Contrary to the command and control style that other managers are adopting towards the employees, the CEO is focused at serving his customers effectively. In their studies on leadership in organizations Den and Koopman (2002), argues that a good leader should be focused at improving the productivity of his followers not by use of unquestionable instructions but by the use of all inclusive engagements with his followers. Based on t he resistance that the mangers are providing, the CEO can use different arguments to preside the managers. The CEO should advise the managers to resist from using the dictatorial style of management. This is based on the fact that apart from limiting the productivity and growth of the employees, the firm will not effectively compete with other firms that have now turned into team works. Similarly, the CEO should encourage the managers to emulate team work based

Asian American Literature Essay Example for Free

Asian American Literature Essay The stereotype created of Japanese men as military foes combined nationalism with racism. Since their physique has always been considered small, the danger from the Japanese was perceived to come from the Japanese Superman, possessed of uncanny discipline and fighting skills. Films, often punctuated with racial slurs, were quick to paint Japan’s treachery in battle, its brutality, and disregard for international rules of war. These stereotypic images carried over to Japanese-American men outside the context of the war. Pearl Harbor and the war years enabled Hollywood to revive the yellow peril characteristics and the fear of miscegenation. By the end of the war, Americans had learned to associate brutality and treachery with a Japanese face. Caricatures of the Japanese were found in the cartoons of the period. Warner Brothers, Looney Tunes, created a duck version of â€Å"The Jap† who had glasses, buckteeth and cries â€Å"oh sorry, sorry, sorry† (with slurred r’s). They also created â€Å"Tokyo Jokio† and â€Å"Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips. † The buck-toothed Japanese became a standard cartoon figure. Max Fleischer created a Popeye the Sailor cartoon entitled â€Å"You’re A Sap, Mr. Jap†, which is a song Popeye sings over and over. This cartoon showed the Japanese deceiving Popeye, causing him to cry out righteously: â€Å"Double-Crossing Japanese† The portrayal of women during this period fared no better. The common stereotype was the â€Å"Dragon Lady,† â€Å"Geisha Girl,† and â€Å"Tokyo Rose,† who had a penchant for White men, dressed in tight dresses, and bodies on display. They are sly, cruel, exotic sex objects, or subservient and hardworking. Shirley Geok-Lin Lim, in â€Å"Feminist and Ethnic Literary Theories in Asian American Literature† comments on how â€Å"the image of Japanese-American women usually remains on the margin, invisible, mute or constrained to limited stereotypic images of passion. † The media played on these stereotypes to sell misleading images to audiences, who wanted entertainment that was different from their normal lives and were willing to see and accept anything exotic. The stereotypes of Japanese and Japanese-American women were pervasive in the media because the media perpetuated these stereotypes through their portrayal of Japanese and Japanese-Americans. Unfortunately, for some, they still carry over in the perceptions of the American people. Japanese-Americans are challenging the stereotypical images of the past and have made a voice for themselves in American society. They are fighting against the persistent racism and sexism against themselves by establishing a unifying identity as Americans and monitoring the media’s representations. Although ethnic stereotyping is less common today than it was in the last century, it persists. The images are not so obviously offensive; consequently, many people do not recognize them as stereotypes. In terms of dramatic expression, then, the Japanese film labors under a heavy burden. If it portrays emotion within the traditional Japanese framework, it may achieve authenticity, but the effect is antiquated. If it portrays emotion within the Western framework, it comes across as meretricious and unconvincing. Films that try to blend the two modes often end up antiquated and unconvincing. Yet in animation, which lacks visual realism and features de-Japanized characters to begin with, the expression of emotion paradoxically takes on a more convincing sense of reality. This may explain why most of the serious and ambitious film efforts have used the vehicle of anime. Given the serious dramatic deficiency, Japanese live-action films can no longer tackle any serious or profound subject matter. In the context of contemporary Japanese film, then, anime often conveys a greater sense of reality than live-action films. The thin, insubstantial reality of animated film, that is to say, is more alive — literally, more animated — than the flesh-and-blood reality. And if anime is perceived as more real (i. e. , closer to physical reality) than live-action, this means that, increasingly, anime embodies the Japanese consciousness of reality. The Japanese conception of reality is undergoing a process of animation. The rise of anime as well as manga is a cultural by-product of modern Japans tendency to promote modernization and Westernization while rejecting its history and traditions. A medium that fuses elements of East and West, and lacks a clear national identity, could be considered international in a certain sense, and this is doubtless a major reason why anime has so many fans overseas. But the current state of affairs, in which anime represents the mainstream of Japanese cinema, is by no means desirable, inasmuch as it signifies an ever-widening gap between physical reality and peoples conception of it.

Mind Body Relationship According To Descartes Philosophy Essay

Mind Body Relationship According To Descartes Philosophy Essay Mind and what it connotes is the battered offspring of the union of psychology. At some deep level we dearly love and cherish it and see behind its surface great potential but, because of our own inadequacies, we continuously abuse t, harshly and abruptly pummeling it for imagined excesses, and occasionally even lock it away in some dark closet where we cannot hear its insistent whines. The history of the use of the term reveals two conflicting impulses: the tendency to treat mind as a metaphysical mechanistic system, and the tendency to view it as convenient biological metaphor representing the manifestation of the, still not understood, neurophysiologic processes of the brain. The following are the more important and common uses of the term and this basic conflict can be seen in all. Mind as the totality of hypothesized mental processes and acts that may serve as explanatory devices for psychological data. In recent years this has become the dominant use of the term. Here, mental components are hypothesized because they have, in the proper theoretical frame, considerable explanatory power. Of interest here is the reluctance, even refusal, of about the neurophysiological structures to which it might relate. The focus is typically on the effectiveness of the hypothesized model of mind to explain- not merely studies. The most frequent users of this meaning are workers in artificial intelligence, modern cognitive psychologists and several schools of philosophy, e.g. functionalism. Mind as the totality of the conscious and unconscious mental experiences of an individual organism (usually although not always, a human organism). Actually, this use represents an effort to avoid the above-mentioned metaphysical problem but it produces a because of the confusion over how to characterize consciousness. Often even those with a behavioristic approach will back door themselves into speculating about mind in this fashion but they will invariably replace consciousness with behaviors and acts. Mind as a collection of processes. Probably the next most commonly held view, the argument here is that the several processes generally studied under the rubrics of perception and cognition collectively constitute mind. Here, there is no real effort to define; only to enumerate and to seek to understand those processes enumerated. Mind as equivalent to brain. This position which goes back to William James must in the final analysis be true. Its major liability, about brain function. As a result, it is philosophical position. Mind as an emergent property. The argument here is that of emergentism, that when a biological system reaches a point of sufficient complexity and organizational structure mind emerges. Mind as a list of synonyms. For example, psyche, soul, self etc. Nothing is gained by this use and the definitional problems are compounded. Mind as intelligence. Really only a colloquial use of the term as in phrases like, She has a good mind. Mind as a characteristic or trait. Also used nontechnical as in phrases like, the mind of an artist, or the Northern European mind. The Brain, no discussion can be complete without mentioning the experiment of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Ivan Pavlov and his followers showed, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of the brain underlie mental activity. When external objects act on the nerve endings of the sense organs, strictly determined bioelectric impulses are sent to the brain via the nervous system. They evoke a number of complexes physic-chemical changes during which the impulse (signal) received is changed and evokes a response reaction of the organism. The brain, on the bais of this signal, sends a response impulse to the corresponding internal organs or locomotory organs, causing the most purposive action. When an animal sees food it secretes saliva, when a human touches a very hot object, he instantaneously withdraws his hand. The process is known as an unconditioned reflex or instinct. 2. DUALISM: One of the classical metaphysical issues concerning the relationship between that which is mental and that which is physical. The issue has its origins in the ancient dualism of Plato and since then many solutions to the problem have been offered; the major ones, classified according to whether they are dualisms, monisms or compromises, follows; Dualisms; Interactionism, where in mind and body are assume to be separate acting and mutually influencing each other. Psychophysicalism (or parallelism), wherein mind and body are treated as two distinct, independent, but perfectly correlated elements. 3. WHO ACCEPT DUALISM : Despite the obviousness of this problem, and the amount of attention given to it, Descartes himself never took this issue very seriously. His response to Gassendi is a telling example: These questions presuppose amongst other things an explanation of the union between the soul and the body, which I have not yet dealt with at all. But I will say, for your benefit at least, that the whole problem contained in such questions arises simply from a supposition that is false and cannot in any way be proved, namely that, if the soul and the body are two substances whose nature is different, this prevents them from being able to act on each. So, Descartes response to the mind-body problem is twofold. First, Descartes contends that a response to this question presupposes an explanation of the union between the mind (or soul) and the body. Second, Descartes claims that the question itself stems from the false presupposition that two substances with completely different natures cannot act on each other. Further examination of these two points will occur in reverse order. Descartes principles of causation put forward in the  Third Meditation lie at the heart of this second presupposition. The relevant portion of this discussion is when Descartes argues that the less real cannot cause something that is more real, because the less real does not have enough reality to bring about something more real than itself. This principle applies on the general level of substances and modes. On this account, an infinite substance, that is, God, is the most real thing because only he requires nothing else in order to exist; created, finite substances are next most real, because they require only Gods creative and conservative activity in order to exist; and finally, modes are the least real, because they require a created substance and an infinite substance in order to exist. So, on this principle, a mode cannot cause the existence of a substance since modes are less real than finite substances. Similarly, a created, finite substance cannot cause the existence of a n infinite substance. But a finite substance can cause the existence of another finite substance or a mode (since modes are less real than substances). Hence, Descartes point could be that the completely diverse natures of mind and body do not violate this causal principle, since both are finite substances causing modes to exist in some other finite substance. This indicates further that the activity of the mind on the body does not require contact and motion, thereby suggesting that mind and body do not bear a mechanistic causal relation to each other. More will be said about this below. The first presupposition concerns an explanation of how the mind is united with the body. Descartes remarks about this issue are scattered across both his published works and his private correspondence. These texts indicate that Descartes did not maintain that voluntary bodily movements and sensation arise because of the causal interaction of mind and body by contact and motion. Rather, he maintains a version of the form-matter theory of soul-body union endorsed by some of his scholastic-Aristotelian predecessors and contemporaries. Although a close analysis of the texts in question cannot be conducted here, a brief summary of how this theory works for Descartes can be provided. Before providing this summary, however, it is important to disclaim that this scholastic-Aristotelian interpretation is a minority position amongst Descartes scholars. The traditional view maintains that Descartes human being is composed of two substances that causally interact in a mechanistic fashion. This traditional view led some of Descartes successors, such as Malebranche and Leibniz (who also believed in the real distinction of mind and body), to devise metaphysical systems wherein mind and body do not causally interact despite appearances to the contrary. Other philosophers considered the mind-body problem to be insurmountable, thereby denying their real distinction: they claim that everything is either extended (as is common nowadays) or mental (as George Berkeley argued in the 18th century). Indeed, this traditional, mechanistic interpretation of Descartes is so deeply ingrained in the minds of philosophers today, that most do not even bother to argue for it. However, a not able exception is Marleen Rozemond, who argues for the incompatibility of Descartes metaphysics with any scholastic-Aristotelian version of mind or soul-body union. Those interested in closely examining her arguments should consult her book  Descartess Dualism. A book arguing in favor of the scholastic-Aristotelian interpretation is entitled  Descartes and the Metaphysics of Human Nature. 4. DESCARTES VIEW ON DUALISM: Rene Descartes theory of Dualism is the most important dualistic theory in the history of philosophy. According to Descartes mind and body are totally different from each other. Body does not depend on mind and also mind does not depend on body. Ones nature does not present on other. The necessary nature of the body is extension and body is passive. But the necessary nature of the mind is consciousness, active and independent. According to Descartes consciousness is present only within human mind. It does not present in stone, wood like this kind of matter and not even animal also. Descartes thinks that human mind and body can never mix with each other. Mind lodged in body as a totally separate substance . And for this kind of lodged -relationship human can control their bodily movement as they want. According to Descartes body is like a machine and mind is like a controller of that machine. Here Descartes gives an example ,, The relation between mind and body is not like the relation between ship and the captain of the ship. Mind -body relation is a very close relation. Because if the ship damage or destroy, the captain does not feel any pain. But if there is any kind of pain in the human body, then it is painful for human mind also. So, we have to accept that mind body relation is a very close relation. Now Descartes talking about interactionism. Here he says that, in our daily life we can realize sometimes mind effect on body and sometimes body effect on mind. Sometimes mental activities causes bodily changes and sometimes bodily activity causes mental changes. Like , if mind is upset or disturb the strength of the body is down. And if mind is happy the strength of the body is grown up. Here mind is the cause of bodily changes. Likewise, if the body is ill then the thinking power of the mind is down automatically. And if the body is well then the thinking power of the mind will grow automatically. To describe all of these kinds of actions we need to accept the theory of interactionism. But if we follow Descartes dualism and take mind and body as a separate and opposite substance then this kind of interactionism is never possible. Because if there is no similarity between two things then no relation can possible between them. Because there must be a quantitative balance and qualitative resemblance between cause and effect. Descartes first take mind and body separate and opposite substance. And break all the relation between them. But after that he himself again mention about interactionism. Descartes has to face many problem for this kind of thinking. Because how can it would be possible to create any relation between two opposite kind of substance? Here Descartes solve the problem in two different ways. 1. In case of mind-body relation Descartes talking only about the relation of coexistence and the constitutive unity but not the unity of nature. According to Descartes if there is any constitutive unity then body and mind do not interact through their nature, the interact as an attachment of two separate object and through this interaction their distinctness do not change. 2. in the book of the passions of the soul Descartes says that, the relation between mind and body is not with the each and every part of the body. This relation is only with the pineal gland of the brain. This pituitary gland or pineal gland is the main and only gland for the relation of interactionism. Physical changes directly effect to the pineal gland and it is the cause of mental changes. Likewise mental think or mental will directly effect to the pineal gland. And this is the cause of physical changes. In the book of the passions of the soul Descartes tell this small gland seat of animal spirit. Body and mind effect on each other through this gland. So, according to Descartes the interactionism between two opposite kind of objects can happen indirectly with the help of the pineal gland. 5. CRITISISM AGAINST DESCARTES : There are many criticism of Descartes interactionism. Descartes mention constitutive unity`, but in this unity the nature of mind and body does not change- this solution is not acceptable. Because if there is any constitutive unity between two separate substance, then there must be some changes in their nature. Descartes accept the relation between mind and pineal gland. But the acceptation of only pineal gland without body could not solve the problem. It only replace the proble from one place to another. Mind influences pineal gland directly. This implies mind influences body because pineal gland is the part of the body. According to the casual rule of natural science interactionism or cause effect relation is not possible between two opposite kind of things like mind and body. The rule is that there must be some kind of quantitative balance and qualitative resemblance between cause and effect. The theory of interactionism about mind and body ignore the law of conservation of energy. According to this law the total energy of this material-world is constant. It only change from one form to another. But if we follow the interactionism we have to accept that when body effect on mind, some sort of bodily energy store into mind and total bodily energy (material energy) decreases and vice-versa. So, it ignore the rule of the law of conservation of energy. If we take mind as a separate substance from material body, we have to face those two problems a) The problem of identification. b) The problem of individuation. Because if conscious mind is invisible and untouchable, then how can we identify mind ? ( As conscious mind can not be situated in space ). And identification is not possible then individuation is also not possible . So, it is totally meaningless to accept mind totally separate from body. If there is nothing like mind except body, the problem of interactionism about mind and body will be a meaningless problem. Descartes says that extension is the necessary nature of matter. But it is not acceptable by modern scientist like, Lord Belfour, James jeans, Eddington and others. In modern science immaterializing the matter become possible. Matter is not a mere, extensive, solid substance. If we analyze matter, we will get some kind of energy like electron and proton at the last part of the division. And if energy is the main thing of the world then Descartes dualism is not acceptable. Because there s nothing like extendable matter. Conclusion: We can never deny the existence of mind. Only mind can deny mind, so that mind s establish. And we cannot deny the relation between mind and body in a very simple way. In our everyday experience we can feel that there is a cause-effect relation between mind and body.

Nature, Healthy to the Environment and You Essay

Throughout time cities have been the gathering place of great thinkers and idealist who have moved our world forward. Being a place where many people who hold similar ideas may gather and form a community, city life brings inspiration and innovation to many common aspects of life such as art, technology, and pop culture. Without such urbanized areas the world may not have been home to the revolutionary ideas of great minds like James Joyce, Shakespeare, or even Einstein who was inspired by commuter trains (Lehrer par. 1). And yet, today’s modern cities have shifted from not only a metropolis of ideas but one that can be equally detrimental to one’s mind and health. The expanding urbanization and population within cities have torn down the natural environment and replaced it with a jungle of concrete. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces as humans have lived in for thousands of years, many cities have become crowded; surrounded by strangers, bustling cars, traffic, lig hts, and millions of different noises in a setting almost devoid of nature. Imagine walking down a crowded sidewalk trying to maneuver around oncoming pedestrians, making sure to keep up with the ever fluctuating traffic flow and preventing yourself from being distracted by the many commercialized advertisement signs, posters, and billboards. Cars are backed up as far as the eye can see, blaring their horns and flashing their taillights as they inch forward. To many, it is common knowledge how exhausting the city life can be, but recent studies have shown just how drastically being in an urban environment can impair one’s mental capabilities. Consider everything that your brain has to keep track of and its no wonder why your brain would have a hard time keeping everything in memory, and remaining calm. The controlled perception needed to stay focused can be very taxing on our minds. Settings similar to the above are an everyday experience in the United State’s most urbanized cities from New York to San Francisco; however, places like this aren’t just limited to the U.S. people all across the world are suffering. In fact, fifty years ago only 10% of the world’s population lived in cities. Those statistics have since changed to over 50% with an estimated 75% by the year 2050, accounting for the production of two-thirds of the world’s energy and carbon emissions, putting a strain on the environment’s sustainability of clean air. This increase in the use of economic resources and the production of pollution has led to a sharp increase of many diseases such as asthma which now affects nearly 1 in every 10 children living in the United States, or attention deficit disorder, which is much more apparent to those who live in urban environments rather than those in a more natural setting. Marc G. Berman, a professor at the University of Michigan performed two experiments published in 2008 which tested the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions within natural environments compared to more urbanized areas. For the first experiment students were given GPS receivers and were told to take a fifty-to-fifty five minute walk in either the Ann Arbor Arboretum (a park near campus) or to walk in downtown Ann Arbor. The students then took a psychological test of attention and working memory by repeating a series of three to nine numbers backwards. As a result, people who had walked through the city were in a worse mood and scored significantly lower on the test. In Experiment 2, participants viewed either pictures of nature or urban areas to further control each participant’s experience, which proved that merely viewing pictures of nature can have restorative beneï ¬ ts. Even the slightest glimpse of nature can be invaluable to those living in urban areas as they provide a mental break of relaxation. For example, patients with a view of trees, flower beds and other greenery outside their hospital window have been shown to recover more quickly than those without. In the same setting from an apartment building, residents have better self control while able to focus and relax more. Evidence proves that exposure to the natural world improves mental health. Thus, the answer to solving the adverse cognitive affects that urbanized areas place on our minds is for planners, ecologists, architects, and landscape-architects to work together to integrate nature into cities, possibly to even reinvent them. City leaders should seek to plan large urban parks that include playgrounds, trails, picnic facilities, and gardens such as those in Central Park New York or the Parque Tres de Febrero located in Buenos Ares which is known for its lakes, rose gardens and city planetarium. Not only are these parks beautifully landscaped and allow city residents a place of relaxation, they may also encourage visitors from all over the region, resulting in economic growth. Of course, the benefit of extensive parks built inside urban areas does not stop there. They are ecological systems essential to filtering urban run-off and the improvement of air quality. Another solution for improving the mental health of citizens and to the health of the city itself would be to integrate greenery into the streets and buildings, establishing a green environment within urban infrastructure. On a small scale, cities may integrate parklets to repurpose under-utilized parts of streets or roadways and provide a space for people to enjoy themselves or the company of others. Parklets are platforms built in parking lanes made to provide a welcoming area of practicality and visual aesthetics with benches, planters, bike racks, or even cafà © tables. On a much larger scale, architects can work with engineers to build â€Å"green buildings† a structure that is designed to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by efficiently using resources, improving employee productivity, and reducing environmental degradation. This is achieved through various techniques that take advantage of renewable resources (solar panels, green roofs, rain gardens, etc†¦) measures are taken to reduce energy consumption by allowing extra insulation within the confinements of the building which prevents air leakage while solar panels are implemented to lessen the need for electricity and energy cost during the day. One other key objective in green buildings is the conservation of water quality. By using fixtures such as low-flush toilets and low-flow shower heads which manage water recycling and benefit the minimization of waste-water. On the aesthetic side, biophilic design emphasizes harmony with natural features by integrating the environment with architectural design to create a place both pleasant and natural for people to work in. Due to its impact on human psychology, biophilic design plays a large role in health care while finding ways to cope with the the rates of technological progress compared to those of mental evolution. According to Biophilia expert Yannick Joye, â€Å"by including elements of ancestral habitats in the built environment, one can counter potential deleterious effects, which stem from this dominance, [of uniform/modernist environments], resulting in more positive effects and more relaxed physiological and psychological states.† Green buildings, incorporated with biophilic design would not only decrease the impact put on our environment by creating a more self sustaining city with fresh air and improved amount of resources. It may also reconnect urban dwellers with the natural world away from the bustling cars and crowded city streets, fostering restoration, improve emotional well-being, and promote health. Works Cited Asladirt. â€Å"Taking Nature to the City.† Diss. N.d. The Dirt. 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Berman, Marc G., John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan. The Cognitive Beneï ¬ ts of Interacting With Nature. 12th ed. Vol. 19.PSYCHOLOG ICAL SC IENCE. 2008 Association for Psychological Science, 18 Feb. 2008. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Lehrer, Jonah. â€Å"How the City Hurts Your Brain.† Boston.com. N.p., 2 Jan. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. Urbanized. Dir. Gary Hustwit. Perf. Oscar Niemeyer and Rem Koolhaas. 2011. DVD. Web. Walker, Christopher. â€Å"The Public Value of Urban Parks.† Urban.org. Urban Institute, 24 June 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2012.

Humanity Case Essay

Humanity.   Perhaps this is the only word that can explain the strange comings and goings of the man from Nazareth, called Jesus.   â€Å"The Lost Tomb of Jesus,† aired March 3, on the Discovery Channel, an amazing piece of documentary.   In the city of Jerusalem, in the midst of an apartment complex, was found a place of burial.   Perhaps the burial place of, Mary Magdalene, her son Judah, and two brothers-in-law, Simon and James.   Were these the relatives of Jesus the Christ, in the scheme of things the question seems to be irrelevant. Humanity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there is great emphasis placed on the Christ, the Messiah.   Very few people seem interested at all in Jesus’ humanity.   People are offended at the thought that Jesus may have deigned to have been with a woman, much less married to a whore.   Yet this is the very story told in Hosea.   God’s unquestioning love of even, maybe most especially, one who would be unfaithful.   It seems to me of all of Jesus’ disciples, Mary is the one who ‘got it.’   Only an outcast could truly understand the message of Christ.   To be offered kindness, when only suffering has come at the hands of man, is an indescribable miracle.   How Mary must have loved this man, Jesus.   The Divine, the Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesus’ humanity is controversial.   And I don’t know why.   If Jesus was not fully human, how could God come to know what it is to be human?   To struggle?   To be defeated?   To know unbridled joy?   To be shortsighted as man is and yet still have the ability to hope.   How God must love us for that!   Yes, ‘all have sinned and come short of the Glory of God.’   Who among us is not aware of their own shortcomings?   Everyone I know.   To be human is to be all to aware of what we are not.   Was that the purpose of Jesus’ coming?   To remind each of us of our all too familiar failures?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Many others are outraged that anyone should question the Divinity of Christ, as though questioning such a thing changes the very nature of God?   Hardly.   What question could man possibly ask that could be found to be offensive to God?   Yet, this question of Divinity versus Humanity, people seem to struggle over.   Christ is all or none.   Even those who would say Jesus was both human and God, cannot admit that Jesus could have succumbed in his humanity to be human.   And what a terrible misrepresentation.   All throughout the Bible God is represented as part of humankind.   Why would humanity be denied what most Christians’ believe to be God’s only Son.   There is of course, great misrepresentation and misunderstanding about the chronology of the canon.    That Jesus’ divinity was not even declared until 300 years after his death.   By whom?   Why man of course?   I wonder if God would be pleased with all that the ‘church’, not the body, has accomplished?   Just recently, I visited a new church and although I liked the people.   I was saddened when the pastor started talking about the ‘building’ fund.   Is this what Christianity has been reduced to?   Buildings?   What of the starving?   What of the homeless?   What of the person who has not known the kindness of a human touch, due to illness or simple isolation?   What of these?   Does God not plague us to be in touch with his light, his life, his children?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lost Tomb of Jesus is a wonderful representation of the possibility that Jesus was all he said he was.   A miracle.   A blessing in disguise.   Both human and Divine.   Just like the rest of us.   A bit of God rests in us all at the heart of God’s highest creation, mankind.   Rejoice!   Awake!   God is among us!   Living when we thought he was dead!   Alleluia!   Jesus is Alive!

Herbs essays

Herbs essays Your studying for your final exams when all of a sudden you feel it coming on. A headache. Its definitely your worst one yet, and to make matters worse, youve only just started studying an hour ago. Its probably from going over all those problems in the small print of your text book. The test is tomorrow and the pain in your head is so unbearable that the only way known to make it go away is to go to bed. But, in the back of your mind, you know that you havent finished studying yet and if you go to bed now, youll definitely fail the test tomorrow. Does this problem sound familiar? How many of you can say that after continuously studying, your head starts to pound Well, there is no need to worry about failing anymore, because, believe it or not, there is a new way that studies are showing that can relieve your headaches, lower you stress levels, and actually make you relax more. Believe it or not, the newest way to make all those things I just said happen is by using herbs. Now I know what your thinking, herbs, arent they just used for cooking? Well, not anymore. In this speech Im going to tell you what type of problems herbs can be used to treat, which herbs to use, and how to apply and prepare them. When it comes to what problems herbs can be used for, their are so many. Common problems that teenagers have nowadays are headaches, stress, acne, colds symptoms, and depression. These problems can usually occur around finals, flu season, and just out of the blue. Also, as teens get older, they have more freedom and would hate to be stuck in the house sick or with a terrible headache when a massive party is going on . Now, teens wont have to make their parents pay money for medicine that taste disgusting and takes days to make them feel better. They can just use different types of herbal treatments that arent that hard to make and can make the pain go away fas ter. ...

Calcutta, India essays

Calcutta, India essays As the traveler who has once been from home is wiser than he who has never left his own doorstep, so a knowledge of one other culture should sharpen our ability to scrutinize more steadily, to appreciate lovingly, our own. (Margaret Mead) The ability to learn about other cultures by actually experiencing them through travel is undoubtedly a great gift. By actually perceiving first hand the aspects of a completely different society from yours will teach you more than any book could ever do, and it is for this reason that I genuinely believe that this City of Joy trip will be one of the most beneficial experiences you will have. Nevertheless, background knowledge of the place you are visiting would be advantageous in your journey to the fascinating Calcutta. Calcutta can be known as the city of contradictions and this theme could actually be expanded to encompass all of India (Tharoor). The reason for this is although India is a land of much cultural richness and diversity and it is a home for many industries, it also has qualities that can be seen in an opposite light such as poverty, overpopulation, corruption, and intolerance to name a few. There are many aspects of India and Calcutta that you will encounter including social/cultural, economic, political, and geographic components, and a knowledge of these various aspects beforehand will prepare you for what you are about to see. Calcutta, whose name has actually been changed recently to Kolkata because the name Calcutta is anglicized, is the capital of West Bengal. The city boasts being the nation's largest metropolitan in area. Calcutta is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, an arm of the Ganges, about 96 miles upstream from its mouth at the head of the Bay of Bengal. This river port is the most important urban center of Eastern India. Although Calcutta is favorably located for trade, its low, swampy, hot, and humid rive...

Film review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Film review - Essay Example Despite Israel’s desire for peace, its detractors proceed the efforts of indicting it. Dershowitz made the film attractive, forming the mix of interviews of historians and politicians. We are able to hear, for example, the opinions of Michael Oren and Aharon Barak. Sometimes Dershowitz appears in front of his listeners, commenting on some issues or giving us the hint about the next episode. Sometimes the viewer sees him conducting and talking to some of his interviewers. For those who do not see contradiction being concerned about human rights, the book â€Å"Palestine: Peace, Not Apartheid† by Jimmy Carter was written. He supports this idea and his book contains many attacks on Israel. This work had pushed Dershowitz to make  his own project The Case for Israel. This part begins with the Carter’s arrival at Brandeis University in order to publicize the book. His idea was that Palestine has more rights, including the rights for land, than Israel. He said they do not want negotiation, Palestinians want to be separate. Dershowitz said he can’t â€Å"fully comprehend† this position and he had a lot to talk about and challenged him to hold a debate, but Jimmy Carter refused (â€Å"The Case for Israel†). Alex Safian, an associate director, tells that Dershowitz found discrepancies in that Carter spoke at meetings and interviews, and that was published in his book in fact (â€Å"The Case for Israel†). This film was made as a response to Carter. It is possible to listen to an opinion of professor of law Amnon Rubinstein, who proves that in Israel â€Å"the law is equal to all citizens, all residents† without taking into account race, skin color, gender and religion (â€Å"The Case for Israel†). Dershowitz has courage to claim that Carter â€Å"has blood on his hands of four thousand Palestinians and over a thousand of Israelis and is a co-conspirator of the crime against Palestinians† (â€Å"The Case for

Role of Imagination and Creativity in Education Essay

Role of Imagination and Creativity in Education - Essay Example Several philosophers, thinkers, and theorists have come up with literary devices such as stories and allegories that depict the importance of education in the society as well as in the education system. This paper seeks to discuss the role of imagination and creativity in education with particular reference to the works of Malcolm X, Plato, and Carver. The most important aspect of life is education. Through education, the society gets to learn about the world as well as how things relate to each other. Therefore, education becomes an important process through which man can understand the world and how to utilize all the available opportunities and resources for the wellbeing of the whole society. However, these accomplishments cannot be achieved without the important aspect of creativity and imaginativeness. This is because the largest potential of resources and opportunities are not yet discovered and they will remain so until someone imagines new ways of utilizing the profound reso urces. The best illustration of the world and education system was well explained by Plato in his idea of allegory cave. According to Plato, uneducated people are just like the slaves who thought that the shadows were real people. Such people would take appearance for reality and would stay in such a state until someone decides to explore creatively beyond the realms of appearance. According to Plato, â€Å"the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort and when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of light in this visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual† (Plato web). Truly, knowledge cannot be achieved without much effort. This is where imaginativeness comes in. Creativity calls for concerted effort to question the present knowledge with the aim of making further discoveries. Of course, education would be a simi lar phenomenon with the slaves in the allegory cave until creativity and imaginativeness in inducted into the system. There is a great difference between looking and vision as depicted in the story â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver. More importantly, understanding the level of knowledge is an essential element for survival of the society. It has been argued that the current education system was structured under pillars of conspiracy. It is argued that the education system was primarily aimed at producing workers for various industries. This could perhaps explain the evident lack of creativity in the education system. Education without creativity amounts to looking without vision. There is no deeper understanding of the underlying knowledge and therefore such an education system cannot be used to propel the society towards greater heights of accomplishment. This is evident from the Cathedral story. The narrator had physical eyes but in reality could not envision things at a g reater depth. He had little understanding of realities of life. For instance, he did not even understand his own wife the way the blind man did. He could not see anything beyond the surface value. He could not see beyond the poems â€Å"I didn’t think much of the poem. Of course, I did not tell her that. Maybe I just do not understand poetry† (Carver web). It was ironical that the blind man had a deep sense of understanding and vision than he did. The blind man used his imaginativeness and creativity to guide him to draw the cathedral According