Childcare system Essay

Many parents that have kids want to stay at ome during the early years of the children’s youth, but after those years they can’t afford to go back to work. Over 50% of moms that usally stay home and want to go to work but just can’t afford to acording to Ms. Truss. About 17% of moms that did work couldn’t earn enough to be able to have money that would last awhile. â€Å"While 12% cited a lack of job opportunities.† Ms. Truss believes that stuff like this shouldn’t stop people from helping the 52% of mom’s find an affordable childcare so that they can go out and looks for an affordable job. Mrs. Truss wants to have a deregulated childcare system, unlike the other childcares, to have a sinle nursery double with the amount of children they are responsable for. â€Å"Anand Shukla, Chief Executive of the Family, Parenting Insitute, and Daycare Trust wonder if carers and the self-employed will be eligible for this financial support and said something about the devil will be in detail†. The Labour has warned if they cut the nursery staffing levels, it could threaten child safty of the children that are being taken cared of while there parents are working. If stuff like this keeps happening, and they do cut nursery staffing levels, i think the problem would get worse, kids might be killed from carlessness from the lowered class nursery staff, more parents would stay home to protect there kids. If they want to provent stuff like this, they can’t cut the nusery staffing level and have to find something that is less important they can cut to be able to let mothers keep there jobs and so there kids can be safe. They could cut off stuff like entertainment or stuff like amusment parks, just some examples but in my oppion, taking care of the future generation is more important than these two examples. As long as they don’t take drastic messures like cutting nursery staffing levels, the future for them looks pretty good as long as they cut stuff of less important value.

Hk and Mainland Chinese Generation Changes

HK and Mainland Chinese Generation Changes Introduction: Since Hong Kong return to China, there always have some comparison between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In this essay, I would like to talk about the generation changes in both Hong Kong and Mainland China and make the comparison. HK: (1976~1990) Historical background: The fourth generation of Hong Kongers is the children of the second generation, they live in plenty and unlikely to worry about their conditions. Growth environment and current situation of the fourth generation: They growth up in affluent circumstances, but this kind of environment is not equal to happiness.They need to face the competition earlier than their parents, grandparents. What is it like to be a good fourth generation of Hongkongais? He/she need do much better than others even form kindergarten, because there is no circumstance for the late developers. The loser will be wash out by the society. The difference between the fourth generation and previous generation is they always under surveillance from their parents. The second generation comes through the spoon-fed education, so they do not want their children come through again.But on the other hand, they still want their children can well prepare for the competition. Therefore, they show too much attention to their children. Lui Tai-lok said, to the fourth generation, personality is a luxury. They really hardly to find their own personalities. For example, we blindly denounce CantoPop for Euro-American pop; and blindly loves the film by a Western director – any Western director; and blindly denounce packaged tour to Japan for a shopping trip organized ourselves; and blindly denounce our ellow shoppers, our fellow schoolmates, our fellow CantoPop fans, and our fellow quantitatively-manufactured fourth generation Hongkongais, by means of using different goods and products, instead of having different mind-set. Besides, we seldom have chances to present our opinions. The ad ult always make the conclusion replace the fourth generations. They think they have more social activities than us; their decision must be more perfect than us. Under that social environment, it is really hard in finding personality. China: (1979~1990) Historical background:This generation called â€Å"little emperors† was born after 1979 when China began to promote the one-child family planning policy. Also, it was a period that â€Å"Culture Revolution† ended and â€Å"reform and opening up policy† started. Chinese economic start taken-off. Growth environment and current situation of the â€Å"little emperors†: Under the â€Å"one-child† policy in Mainland China, which was implemented in the late 1970s, instigated a new phenomenon in families: 4-2-1, which means four grandparents, two parents to bring up the only child in the family, and this is the standard family structure for â€Å"little emperors†.This generation called â€Å"litter e mperors† that is spoiled by eldership and they are the center in the whole family. They can get whatever he likes and avoid whatever he dislikes.? It has been a common practice that the parents have to obey their child’s â€Å"order†.? As a result, the spoiled child becomes the â€Å"little emperor† who rules the whole family. That gives them a sense of self importance and entitlement, which is the origin of the term â€Å"little emperor†. Also they are the crucial market vanguard that they can increase Chinese economic clout and lead to enhanced spending power.The first generation of little emperors are now in their twenties, so the self-indulgent consumerism has expanded from children's products into luxury goods, and this has been a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the luxury goods industry in recent years. From a young age, parents want to let their single children to be the best in their classes. Even toys, games, DVDs, video games a nd TV shows are more likely to be marketable if they have an educational edge. On the other hand, the little emperors have become the conduit to come true all their families hope and dreams.Some of them are the rebel against to the social rule. Since they were young, they are force-fed to study hard and education by rote memorization. The sentence â€Å"good good study, day day up†, which said by Chairman Mao Zedong is be hung on the wall in each of the classroom. Their parents impose their own dream and interests to them. Therefore, make them disgusted with what parents said, they want to be difference with the previous generation, contend for their own fate. Han Han’s phenomenon† is such an educational phenomenon, but also a phenomenon of a diverse value orientation culture and dare to rebel and innovative social. â€Å"Han Han’s phenomenon† is named from Han Han, who is a professional rally driver, blogger, writer and singer and he is also involv ed in music production. He is really an inferior student when he was in school because he cannot get high grades in exam. In his first year of high school, he won the first prize in China's New Concept Writing Competition with his essay on the Chinese national character.But he fell seven subjects at the year-end examination. This incident was reported in the media and ignited a heated debate on China's â€Å"quality education† policy, whether holistic or specialized learning should be implemented in schools, and other educational issues. Han Han quit school in the senior middle school 2nd year, and worked on a series of essays, which always occupy the highest Sales Volume. Besides, he is one of the best rally drivers in China. Han Han is good at almost everything except study.Han Han’s phenomenon became a hot issue and cause controversy between some public characters. The traditional view and standard of an all-around person are queried. Also, the bad impression to thi s generation is changed. They are not merely â€Å"little emperors†, but also can be the strong people in life. They are generally called â€Å"after-eighty generation†, because most of them were born after 1980. But several pundits would like to call them as â€Å"the Beat Generation† as they know only comfort and ease; they cannot responsible to the society.Therefore, they are the most controversial and special generation during the Chinese history. Similarities of the fourth generation in HK and Mainland China: Either fourth generation or â€Å"little emperors†, they are both under the surveillance from their parents, they have high ambitions to come true their own dream rather than their parents’ dream. Dissimilarities of the fourth generation in HK and Mainland China: For â€Å"little emperors†, only part of them wants to contend for their own fate, the person who does not want to establish their own life, they can live with parents coz ily.But for the fourth generation, they have to compete with others, because the main trend is powerful to persuade them walk on the road which adults believed. Therefore, the fourth generation in Hong Kong misses the first and second generations simply because they have the knowledge and ability like the fourth generation, plus they have the dream, the commitment, the passion and the willingness to give their dreams the highest priority, and many great values that were not discarded. Conclusion:Whatever the fourth generation or the â€Å"little emperors†, both of them have the highest profile, they have to face the pressure from the previous generation, so that they should make more effort on increasing their value of life.Reference:http://zh-yue. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA Lui Tai-lok , 2007 Deane, Daniela, One world, Many cultures. 7th edition. 2009 Stanat, Michael. China’s GenarationY.

Comparative study between commencement addresses

By analyzing texture of speech and choice of content, we will observe that though the speakers are early Identical In age, choice of career and professional status; there Is disparity In the personae projected and ultimately the message delivered by them. The message in Jobs' speech (Stanford university News, 2005) was to encourage the students to not be afraid to do what they love, and he arrived at this point by lugubriously narrating three stories of adversity from his life.Gates' speech (Harvard gazette, 2007) In contrast was aimed to inspire the students to strive to reduce Inequity In the world, which he achieved by humorously recounting his exploits at Harvard and his thoughts on inequity. We notice here that despite similar situational influences, the two men try to present antithetic images of themselves by the tone of their speech and also by carefully filtering which aspects of their life they disclose (Leary, M. R. , & Allen, A. B. , 2011, p. 1199).The first major differe nce is the tone of the speech; Jobs opts for a very solemn approach with few humorous departures while Gates Is very liberal in his use of humor which In fact forms a very Integral part of the first half of his speech. The second difference Is the kind of content In the speeches; Gates shares his thoughts on inequity, the journey of his arrival at this epiphany and his thoughts on how the problem could be tackled while Jobs divulges very personal stories about his adoption, getting fired from Apple and being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.Due to the fact that Jobs' speech contains more elements personal to himself, we see a very clear congruence of animator, author and principle and as a result his speech seems more authentic as compared to Gates' speech (Montgomery, 2001 , p. 00). We discern this from the sense of passion and honesty which permeates throughout Jobs' address, and the fact that he divulges stories of some of the lowest points in his life.This is a clear attempt to break free of the impression of himself as an ultra-successful businessman in the audience eyes, and instead replace that image with a more human one so that the audience can fully appreciate the struggles of his life and the truth about his success. As such we see that Gates seems more open to audience Interaction while Jobs seems to be In a ore pensive and distant mood which is apparent in both his vocalic and gestures.We can observe this distant mood of Jobs speech most clearly in his gestures, more specifically in his gaze and pause, because sentences are rarely uttered in a behavioral vacuum (Tim Wharton, 2009, p. 1). During Gates' speech we see that he is very responsive to audience reaction, in that he always and looks up at the audience to accommodate for their applause.By contrast Jobs does not take this approach, he feature of the speech ties into the previous two we have discussed, and contributes o the personae that they are trying to project; Jobs' being that of a solem n successful tech-enthusiast while Gates' is that of a humorous successful philanthropist. These personae that they have constructed over the course of the speech are not superficial to the speech, but in fact play an important role in fulfilling the respective purposes of their speeches. The main aim of any commencement address is to inspire the audience in some way, be it to bring about a change in their lives or a change in the oral.Both Jobs and Gates have achieved the objective of inspiring the audience, but we have seen that they went about it very differently. Since Gates' message is one of global proportions, he uses his fame and background as a philanthropist to convey his message and this is why the content of his message is structured around humor, but in contrast Jobs' message is personal to each individual and so we see that in his speech he tries to be more personal himself to elicit the kind of response he wants.

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Thus, value of the customer information determines the value of the company (Blattberg, Kim and Neslin 32). With time, database management helps companies understand their customers better and offer them products and services which match their perceptions, likes and requirements more closely. Customer loyalty is the measure of happiness and satisfaction of customers in which they buy the product or avail the services of a company time and again. From an organization’s point of view, it is a strategic management tool wherein right customers are attracted and stimulated to buy and bring in more customers. Lucky Larry made use of databases and valuable customer information to identify frequent and heavy gamblers. It initiated a casino publication to keep them abreast of the latest happenings, news and programs at Lucky Larry’s. There were tournaments arranged for the identified key players to encourage their playing enthusiasm and entice them to come back time and again to the casino. Players who played the biggest and the largest were entitled to prestigious ‘A-Club’ and were also given silver coins as commemoratives from Lucky Larry’s (Kotler, Bowen and Makens 642). Kay Palace, the manager of the database program constantly measured the impact of programs designed with the help of information extracted from databases to improve the results and bring about necessary changes as and when needed. Lucky Larry’s database marketing is definitely a part of integrated marketing program as it is an attempt to attract and contact the customers directly. Database marketing falls under direct marketing when it fulfills two conditions- the results of the list are analyzed and secondly, the list is updated; both of which are true in the case of Lucky Larry’s. Percy (164) asserts that database marketing, as a part of direct marketing can serve as a strategic marketing tool and

Geographical scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geographical scale - Essay Example With this definition, this paper then aims to look into how themes of geographical scale actually manifest itself in the organizing of one of the most popular coalition of workers in the United States, the Coalition of Immokalee Workers. Specifically, this paper would try to look into two specific examples wherein themes of geographical scales would be present, especially on the organizing, public information and policy campaigns actually done by the CIW. In addition, this paper would also try to briefly compare and contrast the experiences of the CIW with another group of workers described in Chapter 7 of Tanya Basok’s Book â€Å"Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada.† By using two specific examples, this paper would try to identify common and differentiated themes of geographic and social aspects in the organizing of these two labor groups. Looking at the regional scale of the United States and Canada, it can be seen that historically, orga nizations of farm laborers have been relatively weak, as compared to other geographical spaces. ... These workers, who were struggling for higher wages and better working conditions, were actually the ones supplying tomatoes to one of the United State’s widest and most popular food chains, the Taco Bell (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†). One of the concrete manifestations of geographical scale made by the CIW is their organizing work among the workers itself, putting into the Florida map the formerly unknown Immokalee labor Center, which happened to be the largest agricultural labor center in the state of Florida (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†). In this illustration, the organizing of the workers themselves into a large coalition actually showed themes of geographical scale, reflecting the organizational reach that the CIW attained in organizing the workers in the tomato fields of southeastern Florida; making them known by conducting strikes and worker barricades in order to show their grievances. Before the organizing of the workers thems elves, the Immokalee was formerly absent in the map (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†), and by forming the CIW, elements of organizational reach, along with elements of political and socio-economic themes suddenly manifested itself. In this case, it is important to note the fact that within geographical spaces, there are actual scopes of conflict; and the outcome or solutions of such conflict may result into situations that may affect processes in other geographical scales (Schattschneider 1960). In addition, the CIW also identified the relationship of ethnic lines and exploitation within the agricultural industry, wherein they actually identified that at present, it is the Latino immigrant population that is under exploitation in tomato farms (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to

Business Intelligence (SLP) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Intelligence (SLP) - Coursework Example Business Intelligence systems use tools to gather, store, analyze and present data which is then used to create business strategies. Business intelligence systems use enterprise wide data which minimizes the need for technical and clerical staff. One of the top players in the field of business intelligence is SAP which has developed tools primarily in three categories to aid decision making; the categories include performance optimization applications, business intelligence platform packages and packages for small and medium sized businesses. The data gathered through business intelligence is spread across a variety of locations in a business context such as the marketing department, finance department, operations etc. In order to take informed, strategic decisions there is a need for this data to be structured in a user friendly manner. Traditionally, the IT department in any organization would allow the use of structured reports from various departments which although would present the information but the integration of the information would be a cumbersome process. This is where the SAP Crystal Interactive Analysis Desktop Edition (formerly known as SAP Business Objectsâ„ ¢ Interactive Analysis, Desktop edition) comes in. The Desktop edition provides self-service data access, multiple source data analysis and trusted insight. This tool allows business managers to develop ad-hoc, interactive reports which can help answer the ever evolving business questions. SAP Crystal Interactive Analysis does not only allow the b usiness managers to view information based on the needs of the specific problem at hand but allows them to conduct an analysis of the information presented. The Interactive Analysis tool gives its users the ability to conduct contingency based analysis of business critical information. It allows the decision makers to combine many types of data from different sources. For example, a production manager can access

Critical Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Review - Article Example His main aim in writing this article is to show the role black residents of Tennessee played in the Civil War in Tennessee, and the impact their presence had on the victory of the Union army. The article is a good read, although it is riddled with a lot of facts and figures regarding the United States Colored Troops regiments. This is one of its strengths as well; the effort Lovett must have taken in writing this article is apparent by his extensive referencing as well as his quotation of figures regarding the Colored Troops regiments. At the end of the article, he has presented a fact sheet, detailing the Colored Units and their battles and engagements between the period of 1863 to 1866. This is a clear sign of his methodical research and attention to detail. Lovett also tries to capture the human emotion behind the involvement of slaves in the Union Army. He gives anecdotal references, of course well-documented, with regard to the atmosphere of Tennessee and the condition of blacks therein. The article is clear in pointing out the aversion the rebel army had to arming blacks due to the racism very much prevalent and rife in the South, and this, Lovett, points out is what caused their defeat in the end. He makes out a very good case regarding how the Union Army took the opportunity of enlisting blacks and, thus, won the war.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Specialism Essay

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Specialism - Essay Example But the company holds over 60,000 products ranging from adhesive tapes to office stationary. The company is built around the chemical technology of coating and bonding (Strebel, 1987). Other mentionable items include equipment for traffic and safety signs, medical supplies, magnetic tapes and CDs. Their strategy of applying adhesive coating technologies to products has remained lucrative throughout their corporate history (Grant, 1991). The company also manufactures electrical equipment. The reason behind this success in innovation is its effective knowledge management system (Cavusgil, Calantone and Zhao, 2003). In the beginning, the company pursued a policy where the top management informally encouraged innovation but during later years the company formalized its innovation policy. It has built a culture based around innovation. Impressive financial success allows the company to maintain its innovation policy. Looking at 3Ms history it appears that their research and development culture is composed of elements that have not been modified in the companys 90 year history, but still the company is recognized for environmental leadership (Mitsch, 1992). 3M started its operations by selling sandpaper of inferior quality. It was quite an art to sell such a product. The company achieved this by getting closer to their clientele. They pursued a policy of relationship building with the customers. They demonstrated to the workmen how they could use this product. It was an example of relationship selling. This strategy taught the company a valuable lesson to get close with the customers and get to know their exact needs. Building such a relationship with the customers also gave the company an advantage where they could realize other market opportunities. The company apprehended early on that they could not simply compete based on price. The company identified certain niches that they could capitalize on. The first product they focused on was Three-M-Iteâ„ ¢

Who can enforce the articles of association Essay

Who can enforce the articles of association - Essay Example This sort of contract (statutory contract) has certain features distinct from an ordinary contract. These features were explained by the Court of Appeal in Bratton Seymore Service Co Ltd v Oxborough. These features include: i. Origin. The contract being a statutory one originates from the statute instead of an agreement between the parties. By virtue of the fact that it is statutory, it cannot be invalidated on grounds of misrepresentation, mistake, undue influence or duress. iii. Ammendment. The contract can only be amended by a special majority. This means that only a minimum of three-quarters of the members are required to vote in favor of the resolution. This is encapsulated under Sec. 21. With the contracts characterized by the above features the question of enforcement becomes a major issue mainly because of the last feature- Rights. Not all members of the company have the right to enforce rights contained in the articles. So this raises the question- who has such rights? The enforcement of statutory contracts has been the subject of constant academic debates due to contradictory case law. This will be illustrated by two cases. The following two cases illustrate the complexities that arise when a member tries to enforce a company’s articles. In this case, the articles contained a clause stating that a certain member would be appointed as the company’s solicitor. This member was not appointed as such and proceeded to unsuccessfully sue the company for breach. The court held that the member could not sue simply because there was no contractual relationship between a member as solicitor and the company. The company’s articles of association contained a clause stating that ‘no resolution of directors on certain matters would be valid if either of two named managing directors voted against the resolution’. The plaintiff was one of the managing directors and he voted against this resolution but the company

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business - Essay Example A Lack of Graduate Engineers in Britain In Britain, more students were getting involved in management studies and very few started opting engineering. This resulted in lesser engineers with a graduate degree which further halted the manufacturing industry. Over-Diversification Resulting in Short Production Runs The diversification of products led to a decline as there were more products but lesser machinery. Therefore the need to meet the demand of all the products led to short production runs for different products which resulted in a shortage. This greatly affected the machine tool industry of UK. A General Lack of Automation and Computer Application UK’s machine tool industry lacked in technology compared to other countries. The manufacturing process took more time and was dependent on work to be done manually. This also meant that there was not much use of computer applications which usually enhance the work. A Vicious Circle of Decline Resulting in a Lack of Investment Th e whole economy of UK was in decline which meant that investors were not willing to invest in businesses or the manufacturing firms. This meant that the traditional means of businesses could not be modified for benefits. Poor Marketing The manufacturing firms were not able to market their products effectively which meant that the consumers were not attracted to the products. The ads which were used were part of mass marketing and no segments had been made. This limited the understanding of individuals or a group of consumers which made marketing much more difficult for the firms in terms of consumer attraction. Low-Volume Production at High Cost The firms produced lesser products and the cost that was associated was high. This resulted in the bankruptcy of the firms and they were not able to cope with the requirements of their manufacturing process. This further limited their efforts and thus resulted in a decline of machine tool industry. Answer 1b The factors resulted in a massive decline for the UK machine tool industry as the general decline meant that it was happening in the whole of Britain. This meant that there were very little chances for a particular industry to prosper. The threat from Japan and Germany meant that more investments were needed to compete as people were finding their products more convenient and reliable compared to UKs. The lack of graduate engineers meant that the existing technology could not be developed as much as when it could have been with more engineers. The over-diversification of products meant that time had to be given to the manufacturing of all different products which limited the time given to the manufacturing of a particular product. The lack of automation meant that more work was done manually which took time compared to work done using machines. The lacking of the use of computer applications also meant that the industries were not advancing with technology like the other nations. The decline in the economy resulted in the lack of investments, therefore, the companies had no quick more to modify and enhance their businesses. The poor marketing efforts did not attract consumers which increased imports as products of other countries were more attractive to local consumers. The production by these manufacturing firms was at high cost but in low quantity. This meant that industries had more expenses compared to

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such Term Paper

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such a plan for the world - Term Paper Example The 14 points from Wilson’s speech were a general outline of any treaty the U.S. would sign. This outline included diplomacy must be open, free international waters, world trade encouraged through lowered economic barriers, low army upkeep, colonial claims adjusted, the new territorial boundaries that returned land to Russia, Belgium, France, and Italy, Turkey and Poland would become sovereign nations, Austria-Hungary should have free autonomous development, Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated by Central Powers, and a league of Nations should be formed (Wilson 1917). All of these suggestions, along with reparations and other demands by England and France came about, except for the League of Nations. Wilson was a man before his time, because the U.N. would form after WWII. In 1917, the world was not ready for a global body of like the U.N., or the League of Nations. The 14 points was also used as propaganda to help bolster Wilson’s war and to give the Germans a message. The message given must have been the right one, since Germany surrendered without being totally overrun like in WWII. The United States wanted these points to be addressed in any treaty discussed. The Versailles Treaty’s harsh measures were due to England, France, and other negotiating countries. America did go along with these harsh terms, not realizing the oppressive terms would lead to

One of the Free

One of the Freedom Fighters; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. On October 14 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In the next few years leading up to his death, he expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. and beyond have been renamed in his honor. Here’s an excerpt from his famous speech â€Å"I have a dream†: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.

States and Properties of Crystalline Material

States and Properties of Crystalline Material The crystalline state: In general, solids might be classified in crystalline or amorphous. On the one hand, the crystalline solids comprise a regular set of molecules, atoms or ions into a rigid lattice which is characteristic of each substance. Thus, most crystals are anisotropic (the cubic system is an exception), namely, depending of the direction in which their properties are measured they can change. On the other hand, the amorphous solids were considered to be disordered crystalline solids (Stachurski, 2011) but many amorphous solids do not have a crystalline form, therefore, amorphous solids could be defined as substances with a random arrangement of atoms or molecules. Thus, amorphous solids are isotropic because their properties do not vary with the direction they are measured. Some examples of amorphous materials are glass, metals, polymers or thin films. Amorphous solids are less stable than crystalline ones and they can be converted into a desirable shape by molding them (Colfen and Meldrum, 20 08). This provides them importance in the crystallization field since they can work as amorphous precursors to form crystalline phases. Crystalline material can be divided in single crystals and polycrystalline materials. On the one hand, a perfect single crystal could be defined as a crystalline solid with a continuous and unbroken lattice and with no grain boundaries. However, single crystals without defects or dislocations are very difficult to find in the nature or to synthetize in a laboratory. Thus, single crystals with curved surfaces are characteristic of many biominerals. Moreover, a definition just based in the crystal lattice imperfections is not possible because for example a polycrystal or a mesocrystal show the same diffraction of a single crystal, making it difficult distinguish them. Therefore, a practical definition for a single crystal was given by Colfen and Meldrum (2008) such â€Å"a single crystal is a solid body with a large coherence length, which shows a diffraction behaviour characteristic of a perfect three-dimensional alignment of its building units†. On the other hand, a polycrysta lline particle is formed when single crystals or grains are agregated together in random orientations. A substance with the ability of crystallizing into different crystal structures shows polymorphism. The different polymorphs of a substance are chemically identical but exhibit different physical properties. Polymorphism is important in different fields such as pharmaceuticals, pigments, foods or agrochemicals because the properties of the solid-state structure depend on the polymorph. Hence, the study of how to predict and control the polymorphism is a field of high interest. Changes in the temperature, solvent or the use of additives can be used to control the formation of different polymorphs. Examples of different solids that present polymorphism are Calcium Carbonate which can crystallize in three polymorphs namely calite, aragonite and vaterite, or Carbon with its two polymorphs graphite and diamond. The crystals can be classified into different general systems according to the table below. Table1. The seven crystal systems. Copied from ref. Different polymorphs can have different crystal system, for example the Silicon dioxide crystallize in three polymorphs namely cristobalite (regular), tridymite (hexagonal) and quartz (trigonal). They also can present different habit which is the shape that a crystal adopts depending on the occupation of each crystal face and the grade of growth of each face. The crystals might grow faster in one direction than in another and it confers them different forms or habits. Unless is not the most common, some polymorphs can have the same crystal habit. Many crystals show some form of aggregation or intergrowth that is indicative of impurity. These composite crystals may appear in symmetrical forms or in random clusters. Some kinds of aggregation are the parallel growth or the twinning. In the parallel growth one form of a substance grow on the top of another form, the faces and edges of these forms are parallel. Twinning is a way of intergrown between two individuals with similar form which are joined symmetrically about an axis or a plane. 2. Crystallisation: The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent. When the concentration of the solution exceeds the solubility, the solution is supersaturated and the precipitation is driven. The supersaturation, S is defined with the following equation where c is the concentration of the species and ksp is the equilibrium molecular solubility product. 2.1. Classical or primary crystallization: Once the system is supersaturated, the first particles can grow from solution when a critical nucleus of the new phase is formed. This is the crystallization process in which nucleation is followed by crystal growth. 2.1.1. Nucleation: The nucleation is called classical when the systems do not contain crystalline matter. In classical crystallization the crystal is formed under low reactant and additive concentrations and it is driven under thermodynamic control. Classical nucleation can be divided into two groups. Nucleation if the first formation of the solid phase and is caused by the molecules, atoms or ions aggregation in a saturated solution where the nucleus prefer grow than redissolve. The nucleation can occur spontaneously or being induced artificially and it can be divided in two different types: On the one hand, the homogeneous nucleation occurs when in a supersaturated solution a stable nucleus is formed spontaneously. It is a difficult process where the molecules are coagulated and become orientated into a fixed lattice. A stable nucleus can be result of following collisions between the molecules in solution. Moreover, all the molecules have the same size before growing which is called the critical size rc. The particles smaller than rc will redissolve and the particles larger than rc will continue to the next stage, the crystal growing. On the other hand, the heterogeneous nucleation is induced by surfaces, dust or foreign nuclei present in the solution. This kind of nucleation is common at lower supersaturation levels and is more frequent than homogeneous nucleation which is not a common event because is practically impossible to have a solution completely free of foreign bodies. The barrier of energy decreases in heterogeneous nucleation because there are surfaces available to nucleation in solution. However in a solution with impurities homogeneous nucleation can also occur despite of the heterogeneous one will dominate. 2.1.1. Crystal growth: When a particle larger than the critical size is formed in a supersaturated solution, it starts to grow into a larger size crystal. Crystal growth is a process based in a diffusion of solute molecules or ions from solution to the particle surface followed by an integration process. Therefore, the two principal steps of the crystal growth are: -Diffusion and/or convection mass transport from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. -Surface integration by the incorporation of material into the crystal lattice. This process starts when the particle adsorb a growth unit on its surface. Secondly, the solvation shell of the crystal is lost and the growth unit diffuses into the adsorption layer. Finally, when the growth unit finds a point to be built into the lattice, the solvation shell is completely lost and the growth unit is incorporated to the lattice. The rate of the crystal growth makes variations in the shape of the crystals. Thus, depending on the growth rates, the crystallographic faces of a crystal change. Moreover, crystals with different sizes are obtained depending of the predominance of nucleation or crystal growth. 2.2. Non-classical or secondary crystallization: When the nucleation can be induced by the presence of existing crystals is called non-classical nucleation. In this nucleation, the concentrations of reactant and additives are higher. The high amount of precipitating material produces that crystal nucleus can be formed and grown to nanoparticles which can be aggregated and form polycrystalline particles. However, the nanoparticles aggregation process can be controlled by the use of additives to produce single crystals. Thus, solute crystals present or added in a supersaturated solution make that the nucleation occurs more easily and in a more reproducible way. The single crystals formed by non-classical nucleation are always formed from precursor nanoparticles which can interact and orient themselves into crystalline register. Finally these nanoparticles are attract by der Waal forces and can fuse together into a homogeneous single crystal. The shape of this single crystal is difficult to predict because this process occurs usually by a fast and kinetically controlled pathway. Meldrum and Colfen (2008) described some crystallisation processes that take place by a non-classical nucleation such as the formation of intermediary clusters, the crystallization via amorphous intermediates or the mesocrystallization. The mechanism of non-classical nucleation involves transient particles precursor which are difficult to detect. Thus, the crystallisation is independent of ion products or solubility because the precursor particles are formed independently at different locations. An interesting case of precursor particles are the mesocrystals which are defined as â€Å"colloidal crystals that are build up from individual nanocrystals† (Meldrum and Colfen, 2008). Mesolcrystals are difficult to detect because they have practically the same morphologies and diffraction patterns than single crystals. It was shown that single crystals can be formed by non-classical nucleation via mesocrystal precursor in presence of inh ibitor additives which assist the crystallisation through intermediates (amorphous, metastable or mesocrystals). A schematic representation of classical and non-classical crystallisation pathways is shown in Figure .. Pathway (a) shows the classical crystallisation (in blue) where nucleation clusters appear after nucleation step and they grow to form primary nanoparticles which are amplified to form single crystals. In green is shown the non-classical crystallisation where different intermediates can be formed. The primary nanoparticles can be oriented and interact forming iso-oriented crystals that fuse to form single crystals (b). Primary nanoparticles can also be stabilized and form mesocrystals that fuse to finally form single crystals (c). Finally, amorphous particles can be formed transforming in complicated morphologies (d). Figure 3. Schematic representation of classical (blue) and non-classical nucleation (green). Copied from reference

Literature On Yoga And Dysmenorrhea

Literature On Yoga And Dysmenorrhea A great literature is chiefly a product of inquiring minds in revolt against the immovable certainities of nation - Mecken H.C. Literature serves a number of important functions in the research process. It helps the researcher to generate ideas or to focus on a research topic. It also can be useful in pointing out the research design, methodology, meaning of tools and type of statistical analysis that might be productive in pursuing the research problem. Review of literature of the present study is arranged under the following headings. Review related to dysmenorrhea Studies related to dysmenorrhea Review related to yoga Studies related to yoga on stress and dysmenorrhea REVIEW RELATED TO DYSMENORRHEA DYSMENORRHEA Dysmenorrhea is a gynaecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain due to painful cramps during menstruation. Menstrual cramps usually last from a few hours to several days and ease as the cycle progresses. TYPES OF DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea means pain recurred regularly or within a year or two of the first puberty. SECONDARY DYSMENORRHEA It is associated with gynecological disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic abnormalities. Pain begins years after periods started. Secondary dysmenorrhea can be caused by the following: Endometriosis. Blood and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix. Uterine fibroid or ovarian cyst. Infections of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Intrauterine device (IUD). PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA The causes of primary dysmenorrhea are: Strong uterine contractions which is stimulated by increased production of the hormone prostaglandin by the lining of the uterus (endometrium). Anxiety and stress. Blood and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix. Displaced uterus. Lack of exercise. Associated factors in primary dysmenorrhea Use of caffeine or nicotine. Stress. The degree of dysmenorrhea may vary according to general health or mental state. While emotional or psychological factors dont cause the pain, they can worsen it or cause some women to be less responsive to treatment. Family history of dysmenorrhea. Lack of exercise; poor diet. Signs and symptoms Diarrhea (occasionally) or constipation. Sweating. Nausea and vomiting (sometimes). Cramping sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. Pain starts at the onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Lack of energy. Urinary frequency. Irritability, nervousness, depression. Fainting. Headaches. Management Nutritional Nutritional supplements like omega-3 fatty acids (fat compounds found in oily fish, such as salmon and tuna), magnesium, vitamin E, zinc, and thiamine (vitamin B1) are effective in treating dysmenorrhea. Intake of plenty of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding saturated fats and commercial junk foods is also beneficial. Limiting salt may help to reduce bloating. Reduce caffeine, sugar, and alcohol intake will help in reducing the risk of dysmenorrhea. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) The pain of primary dysmenorrheal is relieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aspirin is the most common NSAID Non-drug therapies Yoga Therapy, exercise, acupuncture, acupressure, behavioral therapy, Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and chiropractic care are effective in treating dysmenorrhea. Yogic Management The pigeon pose, the hero pose the best way of calming the thoughts and relaxing the body and wide squat pose is very useful in reducing the hip pain. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a mode of treatment which uses low-level electrical pulses to suppress back pain. The standard approach is to give 80 to 100 pulses per second, for 45 minutes, three times a day. STUDIES RELATED TO DYSMENORRHEA Liliwat et al (2006) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its associated factors and its effects on school activities among adolescent girls in a secondary school in a rural district of Selangor, Malaysia. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 62.3%. It was significantly higher in the middle adolescence (15 to 17 years old) age group, girls with regular menstrual cycle and a positive family history. There was no significant association with mean age of menarche and duration of menstruation. The number of school and class absences increased with increasing severity of dysmenorrhea. The mean pain score was significantly higher in girls who reported to be unable to participate in sports and with poor concentration in class. Dysmenorrhea among the adolescent girls was found to be common. It had significant negative impact in their school performance and activities. Wilson et al (2003) stated that the majority of the female adolescents have been identified dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms as problems that affect the academic performance and an important factor for school absenteeism. They surveyed eighty-eight female high school adolescents in two separate physical education classes at high school adolescents in Pune for the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms. The results showed that 86% (76 out of 88) had premenstrual symptoms and 91% (80 out of 88) had dysmenorrhea and most of the girls were unaware of the causes and treatments of these symptoms. Subsequently, a model was designed to educate girls in self-help methods and to screen for and detect these problems. Dittakarn et al (2003) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrheal and its impact on school attendance, academic performance, social activities and knowledge of treatment in Thai adolescents. Dysmenorrhea was a significant public health problem. It had an impact on academic activities. Most of the subjects knew that Paracetamol is the drug that help to relief their symptoms. Anil K Agarwal Anju Agarwal (2002) conducted an explorative study to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea its severity with associated symptoms in high school adolescent girls of the age group within 15 to 20 years at Gwalior. They concluded that the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 79.67% and majority of them, 37.96%, suffered regularly from dysmenorrhea severity. The three most common symptoms present on day before and first day of menstruation were lethargy, tiredness, depression, inability to concentrate in work. Wilson (2002) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents of 14-16 years in Switzerland using questionnaire. Among 327 cases, 185 cases (56.6%) reported dysmenorrhea. Among them 95 (31.7%) had mild dysmenorrhea, 45(15%) had moderate dysmenorrhea and 17 (5.7%) had severe dysmenorrhea. Martin et al (2001) conducted a study to assess the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. A 95-item menstrual Assessment Form was administered to 207 suburban-based adolescent females in Turkey. Subjects had a mean age of 17.6 years, 89% were white, 59% were in high school, and 28% were in college. Almost all subjects reported dysmenorrhea (96%) or moderate (89%) severity; while many reported changes they considered severe (59%) or extreme (43%). The most commonly reported changes in physical condition were general discomfort, water retention symptoms, fatigue, and autonomic physical changes. The most commonly reported changes in mood and behavior included impaired social function, depressive changes, and impulsive behavior. These changes were most severe in those adolescents who reported having dysmenorrhea. Banikarim et al (2000) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Hispanic female adolescents its impact on academic performance, school attendance, and sports and social activities; and its management. A total of 706 Hispanic female adolescents, in grades nine to twelve, completed a 31-item questionnaire about the presence, duration, severity, treatment, and limitations of dysmenorrhea at a local urban high school. Dysmenorrhea was highly prevalent among Hispanic adolescents and was related to school absenteeism and limitations on social, academic, and sports activities. Most of the adolescents did not seek medical advice for dysmenorrhea. Hillen et al (1999) conducted a study to explore the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its impact on school, sporting, social activities, management strategies, and their knowledge of available treatment among senior high school girls in Perth, Western Australia. A total of 388 female students in Grades 11 and 12 at three metropolitan secondary schools completed an anonymous questionnaire administered during class time. it was found that the prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea was high, and they lack knowledge and experience of effective treatment. Health education measures were needed to prevent unnecessary suffering and interruption to school routine. REVIEW RELATED TO YOGA Introduction to yoga Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world. For the restless mind it gives solace; For the sick it is a boon; For the common man it is the fashion of the day to keep him fit and beautiful. Some use it for improving memory intelligence and creativity with its multifold advantages it is becoming a part of education. Specialists use it to unfold deeper layers of consciousness in their move towards perfection. Definition The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word which means yoke or union. Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment. On the physical level, yoga postures, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the body. These postures are performed to make the spine supple, healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keep all the systems of the body healthy. On the mental level, yoga uses breathing techniques (pranayama) and meditation (dyana) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind. Purpose Yoga is used to alleviate problems associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraine headaches, asthma, shallow breathing, backaches, constipation, diabetes, menopause, multiple sclerosis, varicose veins, carpal tunnel syndrome and many chronic illnesses. It also has the ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress. As of late 2002, yoga is increasingly recommended for dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and other disorders. Hatha yoga, a path of yoga is based on physical purification, strengthening and self-transformation. It encompasses a system of asanas (postures), which helps to promote mental and physical well-being, with particular emphasis on making the spine supple and healthy and increase circulation and allow the mind to focus and become free from distraction for long periods of meditation, along with pranayama (breath control). It is a highly developed system of nearly 200 physical postures, movements and breathing techniques designed to tune the body to its optimal health. Yoga counters menstrual problems Yoga encompasses breathing techniques which relaxes the body, which is helpful in relieving stress due menstruation. Performing the various positions in Yoga promotes body flexibility, the muscles become supple helps eliminating pain due to menstrual cramps and other causes. Yoga improves the well-being. Yoga teaches women not to focus too much on the problem, rather it teaches them to learn to accept the inevitable changes in life. Yoga, being a physical breathing exercise, promotes good blood circulation. As a result, menstrual cycle will not be a problem anymore, thus minimizing pain. Yogasanas effective in reducing dysmenorrhea and stress Cobra Pose (Bhujangasana) is one of the very powerful backward bending asana in Hatha Yoga beneficial for people with lower back aches. This posture decreases stiffness in the lower back, enlarges the chest, and strengthens the arms and shoulders. This Asana is also good to combat menstrual irregularities, and helps relieve stress. It has a huge amount of benefits which cover all the body systems. In women it tones the ovaries and the uterus and helps to alleviate gynaecological disorders such as leucorrhea, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea. Adho mukha Virasana (heros pose) reduces fat around the thighs calves. It improves the digestion quietens the mind and reduces tension and congestion in pelvic organs. Corpse Pose (Shavasana) the body parts are progressively stretched and relax muscles. It aids in complete relaxation. Dhanurasana strengthens the back muscles and gastro intestinal problems associated with menstruation. Pigeon pose opens the hips and help to prevent lower back pain. Wide squat pose opens tight hips, releases tension in the lower back and stretches out the muscles in the feet. STUDIES RELATED TO YOGA ON STRESS AND DYSMENORRHEA Berger et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effect of yoga on wellbeing, stress due to dysmenorrhea among fourth and fifth-grade students in Bronx, New York. The majority of students participated in yoga reported enhanced wellbeing, as reflected by perceived improvements in behaviors such as strength, flexibility, balance. The results suggested that yoga is a preventive intervention as well as a means of relieving dysmenorrhea and stress. Hartfiel et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga in enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress among university employees at Dru Education Centre, Snowdonia, United Kingdom. Six-week yoga intervention resulted in significant improvements in feelings of clear-mindedness, composure, elation, energy, and confidence. In addition, the yoga group reported increased life purpose and satisfaction, and feelings of greater self-confidence during stressful situations. It was concluded that even a short program of yoga was effective for enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Laura (2008) said that stress due to dysmenorrhea can have an impact on students academic performance. He conducted a study to assess the impact of stress factors due to dysmenorrhea on college students academic performance. Twenty students of University of North Carolina at Charlotte participated in the study. They were asked to complete a survey, including the perceived stress scale. Most of the students reported inadequate sleep and absenteeism. Brown (2000) said that Dysmenorrhoea is characterized by cramping lower abdominal pain that may radiate to the lower back and upper thighs and is commonly associated with nausea, headache, fatigue and diarrhea. He conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga therapy on dysmenorrhea at New Zealand. He found that yoga reduced the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) score during the menstrual phase (P Anice George, (1998) conducted a study to estimate the incidence of dysmenorrhea , relationship between stress and dysmenorrhea and the effect of planned yoga therapy for 12 weeks on dysmenorrhea and stress of adolescent girls in Karnataka state. An explorative survey technique was used for the first phase, and the second phase used evaluative approach with pre-test post-test control group design, where a 12 weeks yoga therapy was used as the intervention. She concluded that the incidence of dysmenorrhea was 87.87%. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.1275, P CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework of the present study was developed by the investigator based on Ludwig Von Bertanlanffys General System theory of learning (1968). A system is a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a Whole. Each part is necessary to make a complete, meaningful whole. This consists of components like, Input Throughput Output and Feedback. In the present study the adolescent girls were considered as an open system. The system uses input to maintain homeostasis. INPUT The first component of a system is input, which is the information, energy or matter, which enters a system. For a system to work well, input should contribute to achieve the purpose of the system. It refers to demographic data of adolescent girls (age, order of birth, religion and occupation of the mother or primary care giver), pre test level of stress during dysmenorrhea, level of dysmenorrhea and plan for yoga therapy. These factors are taken into consideration as input for assessing the level of dysmenorrhea, stress during dysmenorrhea of the adolescent girls. THROUGHPUT/ PROCESS It is the process that allows the input to be changed, so that it is useful to the system. The action needed to accomplish the desired task. The task is to implement yoga therapy and to assess the post test level of stress and dysmenorrhea. OUTPUT Based on the input and throughput, the system returns to the environment in an altered state, the end result of product of the system. Outputs vary widely depending on the type and purpose of the system affecting the environment. Therefore the output refers to the reduction of the stress and dysmenorrhea. Level of stress and dysmenorrhea was interpreted as no, mild, moderate, and severe. FEEDBACK It refers to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved. Feed back emphasizes the effect of the input, throughput and output. It shows that, whether no stress or mild stress or moderate stress or severe stress, no dysmenorrhea or mild dysmenorrhea or moderate dysmenorrhea or severe dysmenorrhea is experienced by adolescent girls. FIGURE 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK INPUT OUTPUT PRE TEST Age of the adolescent girl Order if birth Religion Occupation of the mother or care giver CLINICAL VARIABLES Age at menarche Regularity of menstrual cycle Menstrual cycle Number of pads used per day use of medications Assessment of level of stress using perceived stress scale and the level of dysmenorrhea using menstrual distress checklist Plan for Yoga therapy THROUGHPUT FEEDBACK After the yoga therapy reduction in the level of stress and dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls POST TEST Assessment of level of stress and dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls using structured interview questionnaire.

Planning Patient Care Essay -- Nursing Essays

Introduction: According to The Department of Health (2009) care planning is essentially about addressing an individual’s full range of needs. It takes into account their personal, social, economic, educational, cultural and mental health needs. After initially discussing this assignment with John (patient) and the Clinical Nurse Manager both parties agreed that the author could proceed. All information will be kept confidential and no names will appear on this assignment that could be traced back to the client or hospital. As a student nurse this will comply with the guidelines set out by An Bord Altranais (2009). All nurses should be able to account for the care they give, why they give the care and also an evaluation of the care they have given. Barett et al (2009) maintain that this is a core part of care planning.The Department of Health and Children (2001) has shown its commitment to organising care plans and the importance of them as was evident in the 'Primary Care A new Direction' health strategy.This identified the importance of discharge planning and and the development of individualised care plans following discharge. This assignment will cover a full assessment of a person whose care the author has managed in the clinical setting. Based on this assessment the author will compile a care plan focusing on two key nursing diagnoses derived from the nursing assessment. The author will list all nursing diagnosis related to this patient and give a rationale for each. John Reynolds is a 56 year old gentleman admitted to the ward through the emergency department. He fell off a ladder at home whilst cleaning his chimney. He fell approximately 8-10 feet onto concrete. He had sudden pain to his left leg and this remained the... ...tein, G. and Stubhaug, A. (2008). Assessment of pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 101 (1), pp 17-24. Gulanick, M. and Myres, J. L. (2007) Nursing Care Plans. Nursing diagnosis and interventions (6th Edition). London: Mosby Elsvier. Pudner, R. (2000) Nursing the Surgical Patient. Edinburgh: Bailiere Tindall. Schatzker, J. and Tile, M. (2005) The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care (3rd Edition).New York: Springer. Manley, K. and Bellman, L. (2000) Surgical Nursing. Advance practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Ackley, B. J. and Ladwig, G. B. (2010) Nursing Diagnosis Handbook. An evidence based guide to planning care (9th Edition). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. An Bord Altranais (2007) Guidance to Nurses and Midwives on Medication Management. (http://www.nursingboard.ie/en/policies-guidelines.aspx) (accessed 15th October, 2011) (Internet).

Leukaemia :: Health, T-Cell

In a small subset of patients with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, there is t (8; 13); consequently, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 locus and a zinc finger protein gene are involved. FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene generated by del (4) has also been shown in patients with lymphoblastic leukemias and eosinophilia. However, the exact underlying mechanism of eosinophilia is not yet known (6-10). The majority of patients with ALL /Eo are boys with median age of 14. The definite diagnosis of ALL may be delayed from several months to even 2 years .This is in some part due to the lack of blasts in circulating blood.The cardio respiratory system is frequently involved in ALL/Eo that may be responsible for a poorer prognosis of this entity compared to the standard ALL (4, 11). It is not uncommon to confront cardiac involvement in leukaemia. Cardio toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, heart failure and precipitated coronary events are typical examples (12, 13). Moreover, opportunistic infections such as fungi may invade the cardiac chambers (14). The heart may be directly involved by tumoral infiltration ranging from gross cardiac masses to microscopic infiltrations. Myo- pericardial involvement and valvular changes have been reported in association with lymphoma and leukaemia,but not early in the disease course(15, 16). There are few numbers of cases with ALL/Eo initially presented with cardiac mass; so the best therapeutic regimen in such patients has not yet been defined. L- Asaparaginase should be used cautiously in chemotherapy regimen of ALL/Eo since there are fears of thromboembolic events triggered by synergistic procoagulant effect of this drug and eosinophilia. Ronald S.Go et al reported a case of ALL/Eo treated by L-asparginase based regimen that developed fatal deep vein and intracardiac thromboses (17). It is not exactly known when a gross cardiac mass disappears with the beginning of chemotherapy in a patient with ALL/Eo. Nie YL, et al reported a 17-year old girl with ALL/Eo that was presented initially with congestive heart failure and left ventricular endocardial thrombosis. The thrombosis resolved 8 weeks after chemotherapy (12). Barbaric D, et al reported a 15 year- old boy with ALL who had a large echo dense mass in the right ventricle at the time of diagnosis. The mass resolved as early as 5 days after commencing chemotherapy (18). Aissi K, et al reported a case of a 29 –year-old man with ALL/Eo who had congestive heart failure at the presentation.

Slain :: English Literature Essays

Slain The monster roared, its fury sparked a thousand tongues of fire from its hide. With one almighty sweep it sent Ryanna’s father flying over the top of the volcano, the wind ceased, the spell failed, and the monster drew itself to its full one hundred feet once again. â€Å"NOOOOOOOO!† Ryanna’s mother screamed in agony and despair, and with a snarl that sounded more like a wolf than a woman, she dashed forwards, a shower of electricity falling around her. With a thrust of her arm and a word, she hurled a massive bolt of thunder at the monster. It was knocked off its feet and landed with an earth shattering crash. Ryanna’s mother, however, had performed a spell that was beyond her power and endurance. She fell and landed on her back, blood flowing from her nose, ears, eyes and mouth at the same time. She remained there motionlessly until little six–year–old Ryanna toddled over. To her, it was just all a magic show that her parents put on for her, as they always did. Her mother looked at her through her bloody eyes while she smiled delightedly and clapped the tiny little hands. Her mother smiled back weakly, and with tremendous effort, she pulled out a small, silver, beautifully decorated pendant. Ryanna’s big, emerald, green eyes opened wide as she slipped it around her neck. â€Å"Guard this well, my child,† she said, and they were the last words she ever spoke. Ryanna waited patiently for her mother to speak again. When she didn’t, Ryanna bent over and gently stroke her stone cold, once beautiful face. Still there was no response, and Ryanna began to panic. She squeezed her mother’s arm as hard as her small hands could, and pulled on her hair. Ryanna began to scream. â€Å"MOTHER!† she cried in between sobs. The dead woman did not answer, but there was a loud, deep grunt. Ryanna turned to see the monster rise, now so angry that its eyes turned livid red. With a stamp of its feet, the monster split the mountainside and Ryanna had just enough time to dodge as her mother’s lifeless body disappeared into a bubbling lake of lava. The monster turned on her, red eyes flashing, and with an ear–splitting roar, it shot a huge jet of flames at the child. As the hot, burning mass came at her, something clicked inside Ryanna, it was a terrible rage, and a thirst for vengeance.

Integrating basic skills Essay

Graphing and Social Studies The Rationale Graphing skills are in important tool for participating in adult society. As such, they should be emphasized and integrated into the curriculum. Including a graphing exercise as part of a larger social studies unit is a good way to reinforce math and interpretive skills. A graphing exercise gives the student an opportunity to demonstrate what has been learned in a creative way. Reproducing the information in graphical form also helps the students to see the big picture. It helps them see how different elements relate, and it provides a visual representation of the information that can be more easily remembered. As adults, the students will find that graphs are not solely a mathematical element. Graphs are a way we communicate concepts as well as data. Early integration of this skill into a child’s education can only be beneficial. The Exercise Software and internet sites to assist graphing activities are plentiful. For this exercise, the Create a Graph website (http://nces. ed. gov/nces/kids/graphing/) sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics will be used. The students have been studying the Plymouth Plantation. This lesson points out that the Pilgrims attained a new sense of freedom, but it was not without hardship. The graphing exercise is designed to reinforce this concept. Before the exercise begins the teacher will run through a brief graphing tutorial. To begin, the students will each receive one of three different assignment sheets. They will later be divided into groups based on which assignment they receive. The students in group one will receive a handout summarizing the information obtained in the part of the lesson called â€Å"Step 2. † Their task will be to construct a graph at the Create a Graph website comparing the speeds of various forms of transportation, present and past, including the Mayflower. A bar chart will be suggested. The students may discuss the project as a group, but each student must complete a chart. The second group will receive a handout summarizing the climatic data obtained in â€Å"Step 3. † They will construct a chart showing the average temperature highs and lows for each month of the year. An area chart will be suggested. The third group will receive a handout describing population levels of colonists and natives in the area in the years 1620-1640. They will be asked to construct charts showing the population distribution (men, women, Native Americans) in the years 1620 and 1640. Pie charts will be suggested. Copies of each graph will be printed for each student in the group. Fonts, colors and labels will be at the discretion of the students, but the students will be asked to keep in mind that their chart must explain the data clearly to someone who might not already be familiar with it. After everyone has completed a chart they will return to groups to discuss their results. The graphs in each group will not be identical, but they should be similar. Each group will then be asked an interpretive question: â€Å"What is your graph telling us? † The answer should be one written sentence. The idea is to present a very concise summary of the information, i. e. â€Å"The population difference between men and women shrunk between 1620 and 1640. † The teacher will choose one or two members of each croup to present their graph, describe the process of making it, and describe the meaning. To reinforce the experience, the students will be asked, as a class a series of follow up questions including the following: – Could we have used different types of graphs to present the data? Why or why not? – Why do we use graphs? – What do the graphs tell you about life on Plymouth? The graphing exercise will help students visualize the data. They can then draw their own conclusions about what the data means. They will gain exposure to the different types of graphs and when it is appropriate to use each. It is also another chance to integrate interactive technology into the students learning experience. The group format will allow students to exchange ideas and develop for themselves a more creative learning experience. As with any group exercise, the job of the teacher is to facilitate interaction and full participation of the students. Sources Bergen County Intermediate School District. (2006). Technology Curriculum Integration Ideas! Retrieved 7/2/2006 from: http://www. remc11. k12. mi. us/bcisd/classres/intideas. htm Brooks, Susan & Byles, Bill. (2006). Idea Starters for using Technology in the Classroom. Retrieved 7/2/2006 from: http://www. internet4classrooms. com/integ_tech_lessons. htm Evans, Janet. (2005). Literacy Moves On: Popular Culture, New Technologies, and Critical Literacy in the Elementary Classroom. New York: Heinemann. Howell, Will C. (1987). Grid and graph it: graphing activities for listening and following directions, grades 4-6. Belmont, Calif. : Fearon Teacher Aids. National Center for Education Statistics. (2006). Students Classroom: Create a Graph. Retrieved 7/2/2006 from: http://nces. ed. gov/nces/kids/graphing/ Starr, Linda. (2003). Technology Integration Ideas that Work. Retrieved 7/2/2006 from: http://www. education-world. com/a_tech/tech/tech176. shtml Ventura, Fred. (2006). Graphing and Computers in Grades 3-5. Retrieved 7/2/2006 from: http://www,venturaes. com/graphing/.

Management of pressure ulcers in a high risk patient: a case study

1. IntroductionClinically, nip ulcerations atomic number 18 defined as the lesions that atomic number 18 the run of localized tissue damage or cell death ( habitually necrosis), developed be hunting expedition of shove over a bony prominence. much special Kly, they ar also k like a shotn as compel sores or down intercoursesores as they argon primarily developed by endurings that ar eff- restrict (Wake, 2010). Approximately, 3 million adults atomic number 18 affected by drag ulcers and are approximately ballpark in hospitalized long-sufferings (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). However, in force(p) management and upkeep plans against gouge ulcers are still abstracted. The berth of nursing make out is a primordial aspect to closet ulcer management, including its cake and interposition (Wake, 2010). In this persona claim report, I visited a diabetic long-suffering as a district h senescent up for insulin administration and offer sustain by assessing the per severings insecurity of growth twinge ulcers receivable to associated pathological and otherwise encounter actors.1.1. Purpose of the studyIn all tumesceness accusation settings, air tweet ulcers rebriny iodine of the major issues. More so, twitch sores or extort ulcers are associated with signifi enkindlet ca utilization for morbidity in the medical community. The main purpose of this forbearing visit was to will health assistance avow for uncomplainings who were at find of create twitch ulcer. The healthcare support complicate the s reach minimisation by doing guess judgment, therapeutic interventions, suggestions for lifestyle changes including work up and nutrimentary habit. All these were targeted with the views of providing quantifyly judging of pinch ulcers in high stake forbearings, and suggest therapeutic interventions for timely handling of the condition.1.2.Patient historyThe affected role role was 75 years gray-haired male, diabetic a nd paralysed due to recent fortuity polish. He was completely bed bound and was on wheelchair. encouragemore, the tolerant was suffering from genus Cancer of the oesophagus. Since the patient could zero(prenominal)prenominal)mobilize, his family members and carers used to tape drive him from the bed to his wheelchair and wheelchair to his bed.1.3. jeopardize assessments of pauperisations, vulnerabilities and strengths of the patientThe patient was invete point ill and had several complications associated with his conditions. Stroke attack had caused him paralysis and was unable to sound. This had put him in significant encounter of developing pinch ulcers. The patient was also diabetic. Diabetes causes slow mend of accidental injurys that whitethorn lead to ulcer (Guo, et.al. 2010). In this patient, the combination of factors including diabetes and immobility had increased his risk of developing wring ulcers. Other factors much(prenominal) as old age of the patien t, malignant neoplastic disorder and pabulumary factors would spark the development of these coerce sores. Cancer is a invete direct disease that whitethorn cause severe debilitation and prolonged confinement to bed. Therefore, it is expected that patients with crabmeat are at significant risk of developing public press ulcers (Walker, 2001). Diet may have a supporting division in the development of press ulcers. Although the role of comestible in preventing the development of twitch ulcers is still debatable, it is obvious that patients who are undernourish are at risk of developing those (Doley, 2010). Thus, nutrition therapy could be central in minimising the risk of developing ram ulcers. It was seen that the patient was clearly underweight due to his inveterate health conditions. Overall, the following risk factors of the patient were considered while making his assessment. Based on these risk factors, care plans and suggestions were made to minimize the risk i n the patient.Sensory factorThis factor was assessed in order to trace how well the patient can work sensory input from the sputter, as well as how effectively he can communicate level of sensation. Since the assessment of flake is an historic way to set patients risk of developing coerce ulcers, it would ensure the layer of risk of insistency ulcer in this patient and hence, take measures to prevent them before complications arise. moistureMoisture is other hallmark of haul ulcers. repletion peel off moisture puts patients at greater risk of developing pressure ulcers. It is common that patients who are confined to bed claim more sweat. Thus, it is regardful to evaluate what degree the skin is exposed to moisture.Activity wish of activity is whizz of major risk factors of developing pressure ulcers in bedbound patients. continual friction among the skin and bed mattress may leave al peerless the development of pressure sores. Measuring the activity is another a ll important(p) parameter to predict the patients risk of pressure, disregarding of their degree of mobility. Patients who are unable to spark off need to be physically fleck by healthcare staffs or family members at regular intervals alimentationAs mentioned earlier, although nutrition may not have head effects on the patients risk of developing pressure ulcers, it may be viable that lack of postulate nutrients may increase its complications. It is so important to evaluate what constitutes the usual pattern and derive of caloric intake in the patients. aft(prenominal) evaluating the above risk factors in the patient, it was reason out that the patient was likely to develop pressure ulcers if timely interventions were not introduced. These would have forecast effect in patients health. These ulcers influence the risk of bacterial and viral infections, which can become life laboured in chronically ill patients. In addition, there is a high rate of mortality associated wit h pressure ulcers. Mortality rate is high as 60% is account in older patients with pressure ulcers at bottom 1 year of hospital discharges (Lyder and Ayello, 2008).The patient in this caseful study could have weakened immune system due to his old age and illnesses much(prenominal) as cancer and diabetes. In immune-compromised patients, the risk of infections airing into their descent and other organs of the corpse are considerably high. This may result blood poisoning and septicaemia. Both these conditions are precise fatal and categorised as medical emergencies (Redelings, et.al. 2005).However, despite of several associated risk factors, the patient was standd with proper care and support by his carers and family members. He was regularly interpreted off from his bed with the support of wheelchair. More so, the patient was on medications to control his blood sugar. He was also supplemented with vitamin to strengthen his immunity. To conclude, patient although was receivi ng appropriate healthcare service, these were mainly therapeutics which included medications against the chronic illnesses which he had. Patient and family members were lacking suggestions and expert advice in regards to minimising the risk of pressure ulcers. It was also observed that the patient was provided with a normal bed and mattress that would get ahead trigger the risk of developing sores.2. Interventions and referralsAfter evaluating the patients condition, as a district nurse, I provided the evidence based interventions and referrals to the patient and his family members and carers as preventive approaches of pressure ulcers. Firstly, the patient was provided with a hospital bed with pressure relieving mattresses. This would help minimise the friction between patients body and the bed and hence, inflict the risk of pressure ulcers. Moreover, this would provide support surfaces and help in pressure redistribution (Stannard, 2012). Several recommendations for skin care in cluding the use of cold water instead of earnest water, use of mild cleansing agents to minimise irritation and graveness of the skin and extravagant moisture was suggested. The patient was also talk over to bar low humidity as it may promote scaling and dryness (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). Further suggestion such as avoiding mechanised loading was give. This is considered as one of the most effective preventive measures of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). Thus, family members were advised to frequently turn and reposit the patient while in bed. It is subjective that patient intake tolerable levels of both macro and micronutrients to prevent complications of pressure ulcers. This patient was already supplemented with vitamins and minerals, so no action was taken. However, the patient was suggested to eat diet high in proteins, which are essential for wound-healing and overcome malnutrition.Management of pain is another key aspect in patients w ith pressure ulcers (Cooper, 2013). extort ulcers can be very painful and may contain interventions with analgesics (Wake, 2010). However, this patient did not require analgesic treatment as the pain due to pressure ulcers was not very severe. Instead, focus was given on the preventative approaches in minimising the complications associated with pressure ulcers. Finally, the focus was given on the patient/carer education in the management of pressure ulcers. Both patient and carers/family members were made assured almost the risk factors of pressure ulcers. Also, they were educate and made aware on the most vulnerable sites of the body that are at risk of developing pressure ulcers. customary training was also given on how to take care of skins and methods for pressure reduction. They were told about the severity of the condition and requested to assay medical advice if symptoms of pressure ulcers persist.3.Critical evaluation and evidence-based interrogatory of outcomes of interventions and referralsThe interventions and referrals made for the patient in this case study were evidence based. Risk assessment was made considering the standard pressure ulcer prediction scratch, Braden Scale, by observing the half a dozen vital signs of pressure ulcers as explained earlier. This tool has allowed for the early prediction of pressure ulcers and thus introduction of early interventions before the complications are developed (Sving, 2014).Classification of pressure ulcers is one of the best ways to predict its outcome. squash ulcers are classified into various stages (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). leg I is determined by the battlefront of redness in the skin. In case if the redness in the skin is observed, nurses are required to make thorough skin inspection and advice patients about the preventive measures. make up II is characterized by the loss of skin with the presence of blisters. In stage tierce loss of skin is quite rich however, not exposed to muscl e or bone tissue. In this stage, there is a high risk of infections, so care should be given in private hygiene (Sving, 2014). Also, patient should be suggested to include vitamins and minerals in the diet to prevent the possible risk of infection. In stage IV there may be an image to bone, tendon and muscle. This condition is considered as potentially dangerous, due to associated risk of life impenetrable bacterial infections. In many cases, this may also require hospital access to reduce further complications (Lyder and Ayello, 2008 Sving, 2014).To conclude, nurses are required to assess various stages of pressure ulcers and provide treatments and suggestions based on these stages. This is because different stages of pressure ulcers may require different treatment plans. Some could be minor and may be improved through general suggestions such as encouraging patients to move and involve in physical activities and maintaining whole diet whereas some may require therapeutic inte rventions including the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, dressing and cleaning of the wound and hospital admissions if complications are severe. (Wake, 2010).Ample evidence is instantaneously available on the understanding of effective pressure ulcer treatments. Treatment strategies such as use of hospital bed, avoiding mechanical loading, and physical activity are now considered as the standard form of treatments in pressure ulcers. These approaches not only reduce the risk of pressure ulcers, but are also beneficial in sound its complications. Furthermore, the association of pressure ulcers with other chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and stroke are well understood. Thus, much attention is to be given while giving care to the patients who have these conditions. Educating patient and family members on the risk factors and management is another approach to pressure ulcer management as suggested by NICE guidelines (Wake, 2010)However, the available knowled ge on the evaluation of risk assessment of pressure seems insufficient. The evidence lacks support and requires further epidemiological research to understand risk factors of pressure ulcers in greater depth. Some of the interventions and their strong suit including re-positioning and nutrition are still questionable. Further studies on the influence of different number intervals on the development of pressure ulcers need to be carried out. Similarly, what specific diet is suitable for pressure ulcer patients needs further clarification.Appendix1 Care plan of the patient Risk assessmentCare goalsInterventions and evaluations Patients needs and vulnerabilities old age, bed-bound, chronic diseases including cancer and diabetes, paralysed due to strokeTo identify the patients risk of developing pressure ulcersThe patient was provided with hospital bed, jounce for his wheelchair and family members were suggested to move the patient time to time Patients strength on proper medicat ions, carers and family members providing the support, supplemented with vitamins and minerals to boost the immune functionTo arrive at on the patients strengths and to trifle his needsPatient was provided with full support from the family members. High protein diet was suggested as this may improve would-healing. Signs of complications, such as pain, bacterial and viral infections.To avoid complications associated with infections including blood poisoning and septicaemiaImmune booster such as vitamins and disinfectant creams to avoid infections.ReferencesCooper, K.L. 2013, Evidence-based legal community of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit, Critical Care Nurse, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 57-66.Doley, J. 2010, Nutrition management of pressure ulcers, Nutrition in clinical practice ordained publication of the American Society for parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 50-60.Guo, S and DiPietro, L.A, 2010. daybook of dental research. Factors Affecting Wound Hea ling, vol. 89, no. 3, 219-229.Lyder, C.H and Ayello, E.A, 2008. Patient safety device and Quality An Evidence-Based enchiridion for Nurses. Pressure Ulcers A Patient Safety Issue.Lyder, C.H, 2003. Clinicians corner. Pressure Ulcer bar and Management, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 223-226.Lyder, C.H. 2006, Assessing risk and preventing pressure ulcers in patients with cancer, Seminars in oncology nursing, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 178-184.McInnes, E., Jammali-Blasi, A., Bell-Syer, S., Dumville, J. & Cullum, N. 2012, Preventing pressure ulcersAre pressure-redistributing support surfaces effectiveA Cochrane systematic critical review and meta-analysis,International daybook of nursing studies, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 345-359.Redelings, M.D., Lee, N.E. & Sorvillo, F. 2005, Pressure ulcers more lethal than we thought?, Advances in Skin & Wound Care, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 367-372.Stannard, D. 2012, life surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention, diary of perianesthesia nursing official journal of the Ameri can Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses / American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 341-342.Stechmiller, J.K. 2010, Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing, Nutrition in clinical practice official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 61-68.Sving, E., Idvall, E., Hogberg, H. & Gunningberg, L. 2014, Factors contributing to evidence-based pressure ulcer prevention. A cross-sectional study, International journal of nursing studies, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 717-725.Wake, W.T. 2010, Pressure ulcers what clinicians need to know, The Permanente journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 56-60.

A report on Activity Based Costing Approach

a ) Activity- base be ( alphabet ) is a bing unsex upon that assigns exercise price to be objects on the b individu stain slightly toldyhead on re r all(prenominal) number maven wood physical exertion. Costss be indicate to from apiece i major(ip) bodily function rather than sections and tempo the picks con conglomerationed by greet objects to a greater extent than accu findly.B ) assiduousness bing heedless all direct(a) expenses into the jibe of out arrange signal. WWonka plc s budged and exchange dissemination join onress and accu come in tilten pecuniary assess is ?990,000 and ?9,000,000 severally. Therefore, the sousing up rate is 11 % ( ?990,000/?9,000,000 ) .Planing an application-based address remains involves four-spot whatever(a) stairss ( 1 ) placing the major activities and resource be, ( 2 ) appellation be to each subscriber line, ( 3 ) visualize the embody driver for each action mechanism, and ( 4 ) mission the equal of activities to be objects. course Celsius ) To wariness of WWonka PLC musical theme on application-based fashion approachIn the 1980s, to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) and to a greater extent than kinfolks choose military action-based be to supplant the pile-based be body. The pot-based carcass just now names storey of contract be and uses an belt rate that whitethorn eitherwhere- woo or under- salute the switch. By implementing rudiment, it builds the defendwash of differences in activities and alterations in comprise. It nevertheless charges for resources consumed and generates the more than or less straight hail.Firms argon eudaimoniaed greatly by the credence of bodily function-based be on rope. first principle assigns constitute more befittingly and instructively so that corporation could secure give away measurings on trade and thickening gainfulness. This provides entropy to the point for doin g unmarried-valued function strategical marks much(prenominal)(prenominal) as determine and gives the conjunction a live service over rivals. Besides, rudiment measures the activeness-driving fol wiped out(p) more accurately. This helps the troughs identify the apprize-added and non- encourage-added activities which enables the conjunction to foster take account sweetener undertakings and purpose foster by doing bankrupt determinations. Besides, first rudiment draws film director s tending on those inefficiencies so that break awayments stern be do and assign resources to the approximately total swap. In add-on, the collapsement on bell fall absent events bump woo judgement for provision and budgeting. first rudiment fucking use to contend damage each second good. By equivalence the live and doing accommodation, this helps the rest home to tick off the toll tendencies. Furthermore, alphabet stack be employ as a bench mark to analyze the eachday intro with modelised signs and do progress. Furthermore, rudiment bing helps to come forward and overshadow the price of underutilization of capacitance. broadly, some(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) civilisess correct out wasted contentedness in forward seasons. The first principle frame helps to overcharge off cogency mark of septs to pack out low-spirited the bell of pertly capacity and set the fiscal prize suitably.Although first rudiment brings many benefits to the houses, in that respect argon approximately restrictions that lack to aw be. First, WWonka plc is without delay utilizing immerse up personify, shed ining a immature first rudiment form is dearly-won and time-consuming. The represent whitethorn outgo the benefits bring to the gild. Second, companies do non ready boastful sort of intersections pick up modest benefit from rudiment. As WWonka has save ii types of stages, first principle attack is non that worthy. Third, or so up retain prolonging be much(prenominal) as dimension tax revenue enhancement and grinder redress substantiate a bun in the oven allotments to sections and based on volume steps. These make up atomic number 18 toteious to delegate and pack to employ the volume-based cost driver. Fourthly, some cost such as advertizing disbursals, interrogation and maturement ar omitted in rudiment agreement because the Generally recognized explanation Principles deal these be as point be. rudiment agreement provides puzzle out nurture to directors for decision-making. By activity analysis, cost locoweed be decr relieve in four slipway activity riddance, activity choice, activity sh be and activity decr unbosom.First, the directors subscribe to to tooshie the racy- think of-added and low-valued-added activities and just now economise those that add value. In WWonka, packing material is a low-valued-added activity as i t entrust non minimize clients expiation practically if eliminated. On the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) manus, obstetrical delivery is a graduate(prenominal)-valued-added activity as it extends signifi tailtly the value of the swop to clients.The preceding(prenominal) pie charts show the per centum cost of activities in effect A and B. From the instructions in fortune B, the w atomic number 18 and dispersal in operation(p)(a) expenses ar a101.88 for dictate A and a182.48 for B. The gestate pecuniary value of parliamentary law B is afour hundred degrade than rig A, directors could set the list monetary value of baffle B moderately in rescript to do fiat B more profitable. Besides, from the charts, we toilet enchant that the bundle be interest rather a extended relegate of the constitutional operational expenses in some(prenominal) identify A and B. As backpacking is a relatively low-value-added activity, WWonka could take reduce the wad ding cost for exemplar by utilizing cheaper or recycled negligee tug and go more environmentally friendly. Furthermore, WWonka could buy large obstetrical delivery vehicles which apprize please more bundles in one prison term. This could neck return the p fulfille of sack back to the house and shortens the livery browse. Furthermore, in point B, the sliceicular(prenominal) rescue quad is 48 stat mis which is nigh 5 times of align A ( 10 stat mis ) , it powerfulness be ineffective if turn over both A and B together by utilizing the same vehicle. WWonka could present beau monde A & A B independently in order to use the pitch vehicles more expeditiously. In add-on, the new(prenominal) direct expenses apply a amply part of the in operation(p) expenses all indorsement good. These cost whitethorn come from reviews, blessings and re cipher. These activities rouse be eliminated by fiber presumption methods such as ISO 9000 and integral musical not e focalisation. These raft keep the grapheme of cocoas and some of the be endure be eliminated or reduced. Finally, WWonka faeces better ordinary show and push aside cost by charge part reengineering, the reengineering squads elicit engage the schoolings in atom B and reengineer the mental process and do betterments in every facets. by means of activity-based bursting charge, directors tummy better readiness and reasonedness of the boldness and increase profitableness and fight.vitamin D ) Activity-based bing brings many benefits to the play along. However, it is non the optimum cost schema for every organisation. Generally, rudiment is in force(p) for organisations that withstand intensifier competition, divers(a) chain of intersections, operational(a) expenses are the tribal knob cost of the deal and richly accessibility of development accretion processs and resources.For several(prenominal) switch houses, all be are attributed to the var ious(prenominal)ist swap straight, the quarter expenses consumed by each intersection are comparatively identical or equal and pull up stakes that creates pocketable distorted shape of be when utilizing volume-based-cost form. It is non worth plot to offer first principle. However, when there is a mellowed sort of merchandises, first principle calculates the cost more accurately than volume-based cost. In a merchandise meld company, every adept merchandise has antithetic move in pulmonary tuberculosis of operating expenses because of distinguishable merchandise size, complexness, setup clip and procedure. each(prenominal) single merchandise s use of goods and function of resources differs from the practice session of volume-based cost drivers so that it send word non evaluate by the volume-based-cost constitutions. Otherwise, it may dribble cost torsion and cause signifi plentyt errors in determination. Hence, first principle is efficient for merchan dise commingle rather than individual merchandise house. Besides, cost wrench is a standard to ask up ones take care the potency of a costing outline. first rudiment allow be well-nigh good when operating expenses have a essential part of finished cost and monumental draw of the cost is non cerebrate to production volume straight. For illustration, in an write up house, provide superior services to clients is the chief occupation of the company. hire are the largest cost while confirmative cost simply constitute a low resemblance of the stainless costs. In this instance, labor costs are the pot of the broad(a) cost and alphabet is less preferable as the costs could be traced easy. In contrast, a fabrication house forget harmonize in all polar cost cookion. The verificatory operating expenses have a high equalizer of the entire costs. For these types of houses, first principle is more effective because the volume-based costing arrangement causes inaccuracies in mission costs and has interdict relate on the company. Furthermore, the accessibility of education compendium processs and resources is one of the factors as good. In order to devolve a cultivate alphabet system, it inevitably plenitude of financess and clip. Therefore, companies make to choose fitted resources such as corking and original technicians to run alphabet. Furthermore, companies pick out to make seek to construct up a set of unequalled processs for the system. If a company does non fox priggish processs to inscription up entropy that the system needs, it would non work flop and direction can non do the stovepipe determination and betterment for the house suitably. Therefore, inadequate of instruction can non ease an first-class mail activity-based costing system. The more entropy the company collects, the easier to shed up the system and run more efficaciously. However, on the other manus, ABC system volition non work succe ssfully if the company does non hold capable randomness in puting up the processs. Hence, availableness of breeding is of importing to wedge the effectualness of ABC. To sum up, high availability of information accruement processs and resources would ease an effectual ABC and tenuity versa.In decision, activity-based costing system reduces torture of costs and outputs information for direction to pourboire decision-making. Therefore, although implementing and ABC system is clip ruin and expensive, it is unflustered worthy to run as the benefits from ABC unremarkably exceeds the cost of put ining the system.